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第一次踏上非洲的大陆,来到了非洲的最南端——南非。美丽的南非让人耳目一新,悠闲地生活让人感到假日的恬静;非常好的环境质量,经常能见到雨后的彩虹。不仅如此,多种肤色的人群在这里同生,多元的文化在这里共存,多种多样的野生动植物在这里和谐相处,各色风景在这里完美融合,共同构成了多彩的南非。 索引南非的街道和豪特湾 -------------------- https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1624771-2-1.html海豹岛 -------------------- https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1624771-3-1.html南非企鹅海滩 -------------------- https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1624771-4-1.html好望角和开普角 -------------------- https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1624771-6-1.html桌山 -------------------- https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1624771-8-1.html落日 -------------------- https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1624771-10-1.html康斯坦丁葡萄酒庄 -------------------- https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1624771-12-1.html信号山 -------------------- https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1624771-13-1.html开普敦街心花园 -------------------- https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1624771-14-1.html高高的芦荟树 -------------------- https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1624771-16-1.html著名的LESEDL 民俗文化村 -------------------- https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1624771-56-1.html比勒陀尼亚的先民纪念馆 -------------------- https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1624771-64-1.html约翰内斯堡的教堂广场 -------------------- https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1624771-73-1.html 我们一行20人,乘坐卡塔尔航空公司的班机,经多哈飞往开普敦。我们的行程只有短短的8天,从开普敦到约翰内斯堡,徜徉在世界最美城市之一的街道中,游历在海豹和南非企鹅的海水里;纵览大西洋、印度洋交汇处水天一色,烟波浩渺的壮丽景观,在这天之涯、海之角,遥望北京~我们也驱车深入野生动物保护区,追逐到了非洲象、犀牛和狮子的足迹,与斑马、角马、羚羊等非洲动物近距离的接触;品尝了鸵鸟肉、鳄鱼肉、......、南非龙虾的美味,欣赏了非洲传统舞蹈和艺术... 非洲,一个神秘的大陆,南非,这辈子一定要去的地方!去南非,有直航的班机,我们选择的是卡塔尔航空公司的班机,经多哈到开普敦;也许你不知道卡塔尔航空,它的服务确实一流,餐食也非常棒!从北京到多哈约八个小时,确实需要活动一下,如果真要从北京一直坐到开普敦,肯定特别的辛苦!先上一盘南非龙虾,这是我们到达开普敦后吃到的,中国菜。 这就是天之涯、海之角,大西洋和印度洋的汇合处波澜壮阔的大海,绝壁深壑的悬崖,乱石穿空,惊涛拍岸,好不壮观! 还是从头开始来吧,集合了! 卡塔尔的飞机等待着我们出发;多说一句哈,出行可以选择卡塔尔航空,11年、12年都被评为世界优质航空服务公司;甭管有没有气流,空乘人员一直在忙活着为乘客服务,不但有温馨的小包,餐食也很丰富,品质上佳! 夕阳下,我们到达了南非的首都开普敦,迎接我们的,就是这辆大巴; 更让我惊讶的是,它居然属于中国国际旅行社的分支“南非国旅” 其实坐飞机一直在吃,下了飞机又要吃饭了,我们来到中国大饭店 饭店的老板很有意思,除了身上的各种纪念章之外,还给我们上了一堂生动的爱国主义教育课 我们头一天居住的酒店前的雕塑 酒店前,马路中间的喷泉 按交通信号灯通过马路去上班的黑人 车水马龙的街道和远处的桌山 开普敦的马路中间耸立的雕像 南非一片富人居住的区域 蔚蓝的海水,美丽的海滩 上图的照片比较大,点开之后,可以看到一个裸男;让我们的小黄旗也在这美丽的海岸上飘扬 老外乘坐的旅游大巴 我们到达豪特湾,要坐船去看海豹 南非的海豹很好客,有些已经到码头来接我们了 哦,这里还有一大群海豹来接我们了 离开美丽的码头了 有钱的人可真不少啊! 去往海豹岛的游船 海豹岛边的山头 海豹岛到了 这里的密度太大了 这儿的也不少 它们也不嫌挤([]
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第86页新添多张可可西里的花草。2009年10月有幸参加一次科考活动,连续穿越我国四大无人区中的可可西里、阿尔金山和罗布泊这三大无人区。在此只是对这片人迹罕至的山川风貌的作些介绍,将穿越中的一些花絮与大家分享。 本次活动行程分三段 一、穿越可可西里 时间:10月2日~ 10月7日 计划穿越路线: 青海格尔木—昆仑山口—不冻泉—索达南杰保护站—库赛湖—卓乃湖—可可西里湖—太阳湖—巍雪山—新疆鲸鱼湖 因可可西里的沼泽陷车,穿越失败,被迫返回格尔木 实际穿越路线: 格尔木—昆仑山口—不冻泉—索达南杰保护站—库赛湖—卓乃湖—昆仑山口—格尔木—乌图美仁—老茫崖—花土沟—新疆石棉矿 二、穿越阿尔金山 时间:10月8日~10月14日 计划穿越路线: 鲸鱼湖—阿其克库勒湖-金矿路口-阿雅克库木湖—黑熊山--依协克帕提中心站—卡尔冬草原--卡尔冬保护站—新达坂--吞布拉克镇—若羌—库尔勒 实际穿越路线: 石棉矿—玉树圃保护站—阿其克库勒湖—鲸鱼湖—阿其克库勒湖—玉树圃保护站—鸭子泉—风尘口达坂—阿雅克库木湖—依协克帕提中心站—库木库里沙山—沙子泉—新达坂—依吞布拉克镇—若羌—库尔勒 三、穿越罗布泊 纵横南北、东西两次穿越, 第一次穿越: 时间:9月1日~9月5日 路线:吐鲁番—火焰山—高昌故城—迪坎儿—龙城雅丹—余纯顺墓—湖心—盐湖—楼兰保护站—穿核污染区—旧机场—原子弹爆炸指挥中心—太阳墓地—老开屏—35团—尉犁—库尔勒 第二次穿越路线: 时间:10月17日~10月23日 路线: 库尔勒—吐鲁番—哈密--甘肃柳园—敦煌—玉门关—三垄沙雅丹—金矿—野骆驼保护区—八一泉---库木塔格沙漠--怪石坡—彭加木失踪地—罗中镇—湖心—余纯顺墓—楼兰保护站—楼兰古城遗址---保护站---十字路口---36团—若羌—库尔勒 第一篇:可可西里梦断沼泽 因为大部分人员都没有网名,就由我来给各位起个名吧。 领队:罗布泊工匠,有丰富的高原户外经验, 队员: 老大:全队年纪最大,因调研需要年近60,仍奔波于在荒凉的无人区,其精神着实令人敬佩 蛋糕:个子最高,因出谜语,打一食品,“高个与矮个男人的最大区别”而命名 无波:很有男子气质而名之 法官:推理严谨但更以囊中黄段子闻名 企鹅:一件冲锋衣和抓绒衣打遍可可西里、阿尔金高原,常因寒冷缩成企鹅状 菜碟:小菜一碟,简称菜碟 小胖:可不是我起的名,这是他的爱称。全队的开心果 洙洙:资深美女 酥油花:资深美女 王师傅:1#车师傅,高原经验丰富 小卫师傅:2#车师傅兼厨师,活波幽默 苑师傅:给养车师傅 本人:一头梦中受野牦牛惊吓的老狼 羌塘、可可西里、阿尔金山和罗布泊无人区是中国也是世界上少有的成片无人区,是中外所有探险家向往的地方。四大无人区是我国4个面积最大的自然保护区,也是地球上人类少有涉足的极少地域之一。 以下为四大无人区之可可西里自然保护区简介 可可西里自然保护区是我国目前建立的面积最大,海拔最高,野生动物资源最为丰富的国家级自然保护区之一,被誉为“世界第三极”和青藏高原珍稀野生动物基因库。 可可西里自然保护区位于青海省西南部的玉树藏族自治州境内,东经89º25’~94˚05΄,北纬34º19’~36º16。其范围为昆仑山脉以南,乌兰乌拉山以北,东起青藏公路,西迄省界。保护区西与西藏自治区相接,南同格尔木唐古拉乡毗邻,北和新疆维吾尔族自治区相连,东至青藏公路,总面积4.5万平方公里。 可可西里地处青藏高原腹地,平均海拔在4600米以上,最高峰为北缘昆仑山布喀达板峰(亦称新青峰或莫诺马哈峰),海拔6860米;最低点在豹子峡(昆仑山南鹿红水河横穿博卡雷克拐弯处),海拔4200米。区内地势南北高,中部低,西部高而东部低。可可西里山和冬布勒山横贯本区中部,山地间有两个宽谷湖盆带,地势较平坦。海拔5500米~6000米以上的山地,有现代冰川发育。如布喀达坂峰(6860)米,马兰山(6813)米,少数超过5600米的山峰也有小规模冰川分布,如东岗扎日(5882)米,冰川总面积达1700多平方公里。 可可西里是羌塘高原内流湖区和长江北源水系交汇地区。东部为楚玛河为主的长江北源水系,主要为雨水、地下水补给,水量较小,河流往往是季节性河流。西部和北部是以湖泊为中心的内流水系。区内湖泊众多,据统计,面积大于1平方公里的湖泊有107个,总面积3825平方公里,其中面积200平方公里以上的湖泊有7个。最大的为乌兰乌拉湖,湖水面积为544.5平方公里,是青海省第四大湖。可可西里湖泊大部分为咸水湖或半咸水湖,矿化度较高。 区内现代冰川广布,冰川总面积2000平方公里,著名的有布喀达坂冰帽冰川,马兰山冰川、岗扎日冰川等,是“中华水塔”的宝贵冰川。本地区有许多奇特的自然景观,如山谷冰川,地表冻丘、冻帐、石林、石环、多彩的高原湖泊,盐湖边盛开的朵朵“盐花”,以及现代冰川下热气蒸腾,水温高达91℃的沸泉群等,有机地组成了其他地区所不及的本区特有的地质资源。 本区气候特点是温度低、降水少、大风多、区域差异较大。境内年平均气温由东南向西北逐渐降低,在西金乌兰湖地区有一明显暖区,最暖区年均温为-4.10C,最冷为最西边的勒斜武担措,年均温为-10.00C(推算值),最低气温-46.40C,其它地区均在两者之间。 可可西里地区年平均降水量分布趋势是由东南向西北逐渐减少。在173~495毫米之间。本区风大,是全国风速高值区之一,在风力较弱的季节。西金乌兰湖附近仍出现瞬时风速为24.0米/秒的大风(1990年7月9日16时47分),年平均风速分布由东向西增大。区内的土壤类型简单,多为高山草甸土、高山草原土和高山寒漠土壤,其次为沼泽土,零星分布的有沼泽土、龟裂土、盐土、碱土和风沙土。土壤发育年轻。受冻融作用影响深刻。 区域内由于受到地理位置、地势高低、地形坡向及地表组成物质等各种水热条件分异因素的影响,自然景观自东南向西北呈现高寒草甸-高寒草原+高寒荒漠更替。其中高寒草原是主要类型。高寒冰缘植被也有较大面积的分布,高寒荒漠草原、高寒垫状植被和高寒荒漠有少量分布。高寒草甸、高寒沼泽仅分布在极个别的地区。可可西里地势高峻,空气稀薄,气压偏低,氧气稀薄,只有低海拔地区的一半,烧开水的沸点只有80多度,被称为“世界第三极”。自然环境严酷,气候恶劣,人类无法长期居住、生产和生活,因而保留了其原始的生态环境和独特的自然景观。 本区生物区系种类少,但青藏高原特有种比例大,且种群数量大。据多年观察,哺乳动物有29种,其中11种为青藏高原特有,鸟类53种,爬行类1种,鱼类6种。区内高等植物有102属,202种,其中青藏高原特有种84种,占全区种类的41.56%,其中属国家重点保护的一、二类野生动物就有20余种。包括大家熟知的野牦牛、藏羚羊、野驴、白唇鹿、棕熊等。本区的特有生物种类不但是我国的珍稀动植物,而且为世界上所嘱目,在学术上和自然保护上均十分重要. 以上资料择由《中国国家地理》杂志 2009年10月2日在青海省格尔木市休整一天,作高原适应并作连续穿越可可西里和阿尔金山两大无人区的准备,车子油箱全部加满油,给养车上的汽油和柴油备用油箱也全部加满,准备2桶50L的淡水,以及矿泉水若干箱,馕、面包等干粮,火腿肠、鸡爪等小吃,还有大米、面条,青菜以及宰杀好的两只羊。 格尔木地处青藏、青新、敦格公路和青藏铁路交汇处,为青海西部交通枢纽。南可通西藏,北可达甘肃河西走廊,西可去新疆,东可到省会西宁。是西藏通往祖国内地的重要中转站和物资集散地。 格尔木是蒙古语,意为“河流密集的地方”,地处青藏高原腹地,市区位于柴达木盆地中南部格尔木河冲积平原上,市区平均海拔2780米,全市人口27万,其中汉族人口占83%。 格尔木城雕 10月3日早上一切准备妥当,开始出发,可就在宾馆的停车场,给养的大车在倒车时刮到一旁的小车,保安费了好大劲,才找到车主,看到我们是新疆的车牌,提出要到西宁修理,光来回油费和耽误的时间就开口要1500元,连修理费一起要3000元。一番协商不下,把我们撩在宾馆等候,工匠他们到交警处理,巧的是处理的交警有亲戚是新疆库尔勒人,他偷偷告诉我们不要露出着急的样子,要装作有大把多时间磨泡,最后那位小车的车主经不住拖时间,以1500元了事。可也把我们等的将近中午,才急急忙忙开拔,走上青藏公路的109国道。 前方的雪山就是被称为“万山之宗”、“龙脉之祖”,在中华民族文化史上位居中国第一神山的巍巍位昆仑山。 昆仑山口地处昆仑山中段,格尔木市区南160公里处,海拔4767米 昆仑山口记碑分为主碑、副碑、陪碑、雕塑、底盘五部分,材质为汉白玉。主碑高4.767米,是昆仑山口海拔高度的千分之一,碑底座用花岗岩块石砌成9.6平方米基础,象征她屹立在祖国960万平方公里的坚实土地上。 到了昆仑山口就算进入可可西里自然保护区33685915_1272165201yXHH.jpg我们已办好进入保护区的手续,将要由东向西穿越可可西里。 从昆仑山口行驶不到20分钟,就到聊不冻泉保护站 不冻泉保护站海拔3700米,据说这里的泉水常年不停的喷涌而出,即使在寒冷的严冬也从不封冻,因此被称为“不冻泉”。不冻泉被当地藏民视为神泉。在不冻泉有旅馆、商店,还有加油站,可是没有油可 加 整个青藏铁路拉格段难度最大控制工程不冻泉特大桥,全长2.95公里。是目前世界上海拔最高,穿越冻土层最厚,科技含量最高,施工难度最大,空气最稀薄,条件最恶劣的高原特大桥。 昆仑山脉亚洲中部大山系,也是中国西部山系的主干。从东向西绵亘2,000公里(1,250哩),西起塔吉克的帕米尔,东至昆仑山口和毗邻的青藏诸山脉——布尔汗布达山脉、巴颜喀拉山与阿尼玛卿山。昆仑山宽度变化相当大,很少超过201公里(125哩)。在西部边际,该山形成中国西部西藏高原与塔里木盆地之间的一个内亚壁垒。北部支脉阿尔金山继续延伸这一山脉组合。玉珠峰、玉虚峰传说是玉帝两个妹妹的化身,是明末道教混元派(昆仑派)道场所在地,是中国第一神山。玉珠峰,海拔6178米,位于青海格尔木南160公里的昆仑山口以东10公里,是昆仑山东段最高峰,南坡冰川末端海拔约5100米;北坡冰川延伸至4400米。山峰顶部常年被冰雪所覆盖不冻泉大桥底看到的昆仑山玉珠峰 虽然还在青海境内,可道班却是西藏的道班,不知何故。 可可西里国家级自然保护区管理局共有5个保护站,其中常年有人值守的保护站4个,全部都分布在109国道边。按照距格尔木(管理局所在地)的远近,分别为沱沱河保护站、五道梁保护站、索南达杰保护站和不冻泉保护站。可可西里腹地的卓乃湖保护站由于条件恶劣,每年7、8月藏羚羊产羔期才开始派人值守。索南达杰自然保护站https//www.xxcb.com.cn/show.asp?id=182950 30 这个没有先例的我国第一个民间环保站,是以因保护可可西里野生动物而壮烈牺牲的原治多县委书记杰桑.索南达杰的名字命名的。1994年1月18日,索南达杰被偷猎者打死后,在零下四十度的严寒中被冻成一尊持枪射击的冰雕。他曾经说过“在中国办事如果不死几个人, 是很难引起全社会重视的。如果需要死人,就让我死在最前面。”他生前梦寐以求的, 就是在青藏公路边建一个自然保护站, 从而遏制疯狂的淘金者和偷猎者。 来自四川的探险家, 摄影师杨欣走过这里, 听到索南达杰的呼唤, 便义无反顾地走上了索南达杰的道路。1984年,“绿色江河”发起人杨欣开始关注长江,15次到长江源头地区考察,发现长江源头地区生态问,1995年倡导发起“保护长江源,爱我大自然”活动。1997年在长江源头建立起中国民间第一个自然生态环境保护站——索南达杰自然保护站,同时开展了系列的长江源生态环境考察和环境保护宣传教育活动,启动了民间长江源环境保护运动。 由于索达南杰保护站附近水源的盐碱含量高人不能饮用,他们每隔四五天就要到三十公里之外的不冻泉去拉水。他们日常生活所需的粮食和蔬菜也要到几百公里之外的格尔木去购买。 每个保护站都配备一辆巡逻专用的吉普,主要用以巡线工作。 在索南达杰保护站看到与公路平行的青藏铁路和巍巍昆仑雪山、玉珠峰 就在索南达杰保护站旁边不远处的叉道上进入可可西里腹地。 15时24分满载给养的红色的东风沙漠王给养车正在离开109国道 离开国道不过6分钟,距离不足1000米,青藏公路上的车辆仍然可见,可可西里的道路就给了我们当头一棒。 15时30分给养车陷入泥潭,动弹不得帅帅龙帅发表于 昨天 2017 | 只看该作者 zhangxiaoyun111 发表于 昨天 2025 ゛偝鮑殪鏃灬发表于 昨天 2041 | 浮云519 发表于 昨天 2329手擀面 发表于 17 小时前 |彩鸟飞来 发表于 10 小时前 |bainian88 发表于 8 小时前 |------------------------------------------------------谢谢!给我信心和力量。先吃饭,晚些更新。 这里海拔4500米,挥动铁锹铲泥土可不是一件容易的事,泥土粘在铲上,黏性很大,每铲一铲都要消耗大量的体力,大运动量更易引起高原反应 好不容易将受陷的车轮后面的泥土挖出一个缓坡,铺上带来的备用木板,两部越野车同时拉牵,有如蚍蜉撼树,大车没有反应,加到最大马力,大车还是一动不 动2#车的后梁都拉了变形,还是一点反应没有,可把2#的小卫师傅好个心痛了 得。 只好就地扎营,在这片泥泞潮湿的草滩上搭起加厚大帐篷第一天搭帐篷,都是生手,在几位师傅的指点下,费好大劲才支起。因为帆布夹棉,顶和两侧的大盖非常重,要六人才能支起。前后廉的三角尖处高度较高,也只有1米8几蛋糕才能够得到 。开火弄吃,今晚可是8月15中秋节啊,可不能太过 委屈小卫师傅也要露两手,来个清炖手抓羊肉。我对羊肉的膻味接受不了,只有远看的份。八月十五好歹还有月 饼充饥 玉虚峰相传为玉皇大帝的妹妹玉虚神女居住的地方。传说,当年玉皇大帝见昆仑山雄伟高大,气势轩昂,景象万千,且离天庭很近,便在昆仑山顶修建了一座轩辕行宫。玉帝的妹妹玉虚得知后,很不服气,说玉帝霸占的地方太多了 ,不仅占了天上,还要把地上的好地方也据为已有。玉帝没有办法,只好把其中的一座山峰让给了玉虚。玉虚便在这座山峰上为自己修筑一座冰清玉洁、俏丽奇美的行宫,而且经常带着众姐妹到此游玩,所以,这座山峰就叫玉虚峰。 玉虚峰下的野毛驴也已经吃饱喝足,远远的看着我们这群天外来客在夕阳的映照下,亭亭玉立冰清玉洁的玉珠峰越发显得妩媚可可西里荒原上的中秋月也迫不及待地早早挂在了 天边 老大觉得和大伙一起睡大帐,不习惯,睡不着,自己撑起单人小帐篷,要单独睡 谁也没有想到,进入可可西里荒野的第一晚居然在青藏公路边渡过,本应要至少越过库赛湖的啊。耐心等待一夜的上冻,明天再开拔吧。对于能否成功穿越也让所有人放心不下。 在可可西里荒野的第一晚,气温极低,我感觉头涨痛,有些高发,但还不是太严重,早早入睡。 第二天早上大家都说有些反映,我们这群人可是都去过阿里,都有5000米以上住宿的高原经历啊。连常年进阿尔金山的给养车苑师傅和1#车王师傅也因铲泥消耗体力多大出现高反。 早上大地结满霜,老大的单薄帐篷能顶住可可西里旷野的寒冷吗?王师傅、小卫以及苑师傅都在各自的车上睡,车窗结着厚厚的霜,车里的气温看来也暖不到哪去 。 也多亏寒冷,将路上的水全冻结,大车终于可以摆脱困境,脱离这片苦海。摆脱困境的大车,赶忙将车调头,向着东方。 怎么啦,大车要回头,不进去吗?原来玻璃上厚厚的霜已经看不清前面,老师傅要借助东升的太阳融化前玻璃的霜花,经验还真丰富吃过早餐,拆帐篷,装车,对着东升太阳,车前玻璃的厚霜在雨刮刮拉下,也可以看清路面。玉虚峰总也不离不舍,伴随我们一路向 西地貌也慢慢变成一片片斑斑的红色 地衣这是不是西游记中唐僧取经路上沙僧被发配的流沙河?提心吊胆穿过流沙 的河流穿过流沙河,是一片稀疏的 高山草甸 在白雪皑皑的昆仑山脚下的这片草原上 库赛湖静静地躺在草原的深 处看着如此漂亮的高原湖泊,害怕陷车,不敢离开巡山便道半步,只有远 望。湖边的野牦牛,距离远而呈小黑点,点缀在蓝色飘带的库赛湖上,勾起多少的梦想 最可怕的是单独一头的野牦牛,这种孤独的野牦牛多为在争夺牛群头领时失败而被牛群驱逐出来的,性情暴躁乖戾,攻击性极强。上翘的尾巴,那是对我们发出了警告,不能侵犯她的领地。1#车王师傅就曾经被一头孤独的野牦牛顶过车子,把车里的人吓个半死,幸亏没有伤人。这回再也不敢靠近,只能远远的停车等候它的离开狡猾的狐狸也在密切注视我们的动向,随时准备撒腿逃 跑在可可西里的几天中,藏羚羊远非如原先想象的片地都是,只远远看见这一 群。花褂子 发表于 昨天 2021感谢楼主的分享_____________________________________________与人分享,自己也快乐。深圳宇宙人 发表于 10 小时前景色优美,壮丽,不过,这类用票子铺路的玩法,宇宙人只有流口水的份哦!——————————————————————————————-——对楼上的单人自驾亮横一纵,也是口水流的老长啊。 沿库赛湖行走3个多小时,草甸越来越少,路越来越烂,越野车子不断在泥泞的路上漂移,越往里漂移越频繁这还是第一次品尝到漂移,感觉棒极了 !(
心灵的旅行——28天西藏、尼泊尔行 前 言多年来,一直有个愿望,就是能够去西藏看看,虽然在电视里已经领略了西藏的广遨、美丽,但那面积122万多平方公里、约占中国陆地总面积的八分之一、在中国各省区中仅次于新疆维吾尔自治区、位居第二、相当于英国、法国、德国、荷兰和卢森堡5国面积总和的神秘地区,还是想亲身去体验一下。朋友们都劝我不要到哪具有不确定因素和危险性的地方去,那里的高海拔、藏民的不友好、饮食的不习惯、气候的变幻莫测、道路的不安全等等都会给去的人有着潜在的威胁,无论人们怎样的诉说着西行的危险,都阻挡不了我要去的决心。人生无非就是两件事:生与死。生了,即意味着走向死亡,只是在从生到死的过程中,每个人的表现形式不同,每个人都在寻求着生命的长度,但生命仅仅有长度是不够的,还需要有一定的宽度。在某种意义上,我们每个人的生命的长度是不确定的、也是自己无法掌控的,但是其生命的宽度是可以自己支配的。我只希望在我的有生之年,能够让自己活得自由、活得充实、活得快乐、活得有意义。今年的7月终于有了这样一个合适的机会,由原始部落户外群海风发起的西藏自由行成行,且行程比较符合我的心意,我毅然决然的跟随了这支团队进藏。从7月23日出发,到8月21日回连,历经28天的游历,期间的酸甜苦辣咸五味俱全,对生命有了更多的感悟。从新浦火车站起始,经历了徐州、兰州、西宁的三次转车,沿着青藏线坐着火车去拉萨;从拉萨证去尼泊尔,到坐着尼国的直升飞机回到樟木口岸,期间享受着着尼国的自然美景、宗教文化、异国美食,承受着山体倒塌,村庄被覆盖、村民遇难和失踪的惊吓,忍耐着尼国的酷热和道路不通的焦虑;从樟木口岸沿着318国道回拉萨的途中,在颠簸的路上欣赏那沿途的如诗如画的美景时,惊闻一辆承载44位游客的旅游大巴车,在我们已经过去的路段上,和对面开来的越野车、皮卡车相撞,翻下十几米的悬崖,车毁人亡;在拉萨,我们9人乘坐着包租的两辆商务车,沿着318国道去成都。青山绿水的美景,伴随着泥石流和道路塌方,惊险的318国道伴随着两辆商务车的分别出故障;在九寨沟的静海前,我们为第二辆旅游大巴的翻车而痛心,为遇难的游客默哀。感谢上苍对我的厚爱,感谢爱我的人为我的祈祷,感谢西藏给我的洗礼,感谢我自己的坚强、豁达和乐观。我安全的、健康的、快乐的回来了美丽的措那湖土族第一村——互助村([]
走进世博会——中国2010年上海世博会介绍(世博系列之一)目 录 前言 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主 3、以往部分世博会简介 二、中国与世界博览会 1、中国与世博会的渊源 2、中国参加世博会的获奖产品 3、新中国参加过的历届世博会 4、中国以往举办的世园会 三、2010年世界博览会(Expo 2010)总体介绍 1、上海世博会申办的过程 2、世博会主 3、会徽 4、吉祥物 5、确认参展的国家和组织 6、上海世博会场地 7、上海世博会园区规划 8、2010年上海世博会门票 9、上海世博会世博轴 10、上海世博会世博公园 11、上海世博会演艺中心 12、上海世博会世博中心 13、上海世博会世博论坛 14、上海世博会网上世博会 15、上海世博会文化演艺活动 16、上海世博会世博村 四、参展展馆 1、上海世博会主馆 2、上海世博会中国国家馆 3、亚洲馆 4、欧洲馆 5、美洲馆 6、非洲馆 7、大洋洲馆 8、其他国际组织馆 9、企业馆 10、上海世博会城市最佳实践区1# 老顽童thtsjy 前 言 2010年是世博年,我们作为本届世博会举办地——上海的市民,愿为世博会尽绵薄之力。为此,我们综合了参观《走进世博会——中国2010年世博会暨世博会历史回顾展览》(在上海展览馆举办)、探访“中国2010年上海世博会展示中心”(位于淮海中路香港新世界大厦三楼)以及收集的有关世博会资料,整理成庚寅年第一帖,奉献给诸位参考。鉴于我们自身文字和拍照水平的局限、收集资料渠道的受限、整理功力的有限,本帖存在诸多不足,恳请各位指教,深表感谢! 16# zj522522 感谢以上各位支持,祝你们虎年吉祥! 17# 老顽童thtsjy 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 在古代农耕社会,人们往往在庆贺丰收、宗教仪式、欢度喜庆的节日里展开交易活动,后来逐渐发展成为定期的、有固定场所的、以物品交换为目的的大型贸易及展示的集会。这就是世博会的最早形式。公元5世纪,波斯举办了第一个超越集市功能的展览会。 18世纪,随着新技术和新产品的不断出现,人们逐渐想到举办与集市相似,但只展不卖,以宣传、展出新产品和成果为目的的展览会。1791年捷克在首都布拉格首次举办了这样的展览会。随着科学技术的进步,社会生产力的发展,展览会的规模也逐步扩大,参展的地域范围从一地扩大到全国,由国内延伸到国外,直至发展成为由许多国家参与的世界性博览会。 26# 老顽童thtsjy 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主1851年英国伦敦万国工业产品大博览会1853年美国纽约万国工业产品博览会1855年法国巴黎世界工农业和艺术博览会1862年英国伦敦国际工业和艺术博览会1865年爱尔兰都柏林世界博览会1867年法国巴黎第2届巴黎世界博览会1873年奥地利维也纳世界博览会1876年美国费城美国独立百年展览会1878年法国巴黎第3届巴黎世界博览会1880年澳大利亚墨尔本世界博览会1883年荷兰阿姆斯特丹国际博览会1889年法国巴黎第4届巴黎世界博览会1893年美国芝加哥哥伦布纪念博览会1897年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1900年法国巴黎第5届巴黎世界博览会1904年美国纪念路易斯安娜购置一百周年博览会1905年比利时列日世界博览会1906年意大利米兰世界博览会1908年英国伦敦世界博览会1910年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1913年比利时甘特世界博览会1915年美国旧金山巴拿马太平洋博览会1925年法国巴黎国际装饰美术博览会1926年美国费城建国150周年世界博览会1929年西班牙巴塞罗那世界博览会1933年美国芝加哥世界博览会——“一个世纪的进步”1935年比利时布鲁塞尔万国博览会——“通过竞争获取和平”1936年瑞典斯德哥尔摩世界博览会1937年法国巴黎现代生活艺术世界博览会——“现代世界的艺术和技术”1938年芬兰赫尔辛基航空世界博览会1939年比利时国际水资源博览会1939-1940年美国纽约世界博览会——“明日新世界”1939-1940年美国旧金山金门世界博览会1949年瑞典国际体育博览会1949年海地王子港世界博览会1953年以色列耶路撒冷世界博览会1954年意大利航海世界博览会1955年瑞典世界生活艺术博览会1955年意大利都灵国际体育博览会1956年以色列柑橘栽培展览会1957年德国柏林世界博览会1958比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会——“科学、文明和人性”1961年意大利都灵世界博览会1962年美国西雅图廿一世纪博览——“太空时代的人类”1964-1965年美国纽约世界博览会——“通过理解走向和平”1965年德国慕尼黑交通运输世界博览会1967年加拿大蒙持利尔世界博览会——“人类与世界”1968年美国圣安东尼奥世界博览会——“美洲大陆的文化交流”1970年日本大阪日本世界博览会——“人类的进步与和谐”1971年匈牙利布达佩斯世界狩猎博览会1974年美国斯波坎环境世界博览会——“无污染的进步”1975年日本冲绳国际海洋博览会——“海洋-充满希望的未来”1981年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1982年美国诺克斯维世界能源博览会——“能源-世界的原动力”1984年美国新奥尔良路易西安纳世界博览会——“河流的世界-水乃生命之源”1985年日本筑波万国博览会——“居住与环境人类的家居科技”1985年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1986年加拿大温哥华世界交通与通讯博览会——“交通与运输”1988年澳大利亚布里斯班世界博览会——“科技时代的休闲生活”1990年日本大阪世界博览会——“人类与自然”1991年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1992年西班牙塞维利亚世界博览会——“发现的时代”1992年意大利热那亚世界博览会——“哥伦布-船与海”1993年韩国大田世界博览会——“新的起飞之路”1998年葡萄牙里斯本海洋博览会——“海洋——未来的财富”1999年中国昆明世界博览会——“人与自然,迈向二十一世纪”2000年德国汉诺威世界博览会——“人类-自然-科技-发展”2005年日本爱知爱.地球博——“自然、城市、和谐——生活的艺术”2008年西班牙萨拉戈萨世界博览会2010年中国上海世界博览会——“城市,让生活更美好”2012年韩国丽水世界博览会2015年意大利米兰世界博览会 29# 老顽童thtsjy 3、历届部分世博会简介 水晶宫的魅力——1851年英国伦敦第一届世界博览会纪实 全世界第一场世界博览会——1851年万国工业博览会在英国首都伦敦的海德公园举行,展期是1851年5月1日至10月11日,主要内容是世界文化与工业科技,借此博览会英国在当时展现了工业革命后技冠群雄、傲视全球的辉煌成果。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了首届世博会 19世纪前半叶,欧洲工业革命正如火如荼地进行,科学技术的飞速发展,使人类生活发生了巨大的变化。 在英国,自维多利亚女王登基后,当时的英国在世界工业中一马当先。同时资本的高速聚集和运作,英国也成为当时欧洲金融的中心。这些因素触发了英国将在世界舞台上演绎主角的欲望。 此前,欧洲各国举办工业博览会已不是新鲜事,特别是英国、法国在工业革命的推动下,都举办了多届有影响的工业产品博览会,以此来推广本国的工业生产技术和宣传新产品。频频举办工业博览会使英国萌发了举办一次世界各国参与的博览会。 成立于1754年的英国皇家艺术协会历来承担国家展览会的组织工作,担任皇家艺术协会主席的阿尔伯特亲王具有一种与传统理念所不同的开明思想和创新精神。1849年,艺术协会开始酝酿筹划规模更大的博览会时,阿尔伯特提出“博览会必须是国际性的、展品要有外国产品参加”的设想,要求能在伦敦海德公园中找到最好的展览场地,以举办一届规模宏大的世界博览会。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了第一届世博会在英国诞生。 确立规则,女王广邀宾客 1849年6月30日,一次历史性的会议在白金汉宫召开,参加者有皇家艺术协会成员、全国博览会组委会成员、建筑公司成员和阿尔伯特亲王。会议作出了7项重要决定:1、世博会展品分为四个大类:原材料、机械、工业制品和雕塑作品;2、将建一幢特别临时建筑作为世博会展厅;3、举办场地选在海德公园南侧;4、博览会将是国际性的,由国家发出参展邀请;5、组委会将提供大量奖金以鼓励参展者;6、将成立一个皇家委员会来主办世博会;7、世博会财政集资由艺术家协会负责。 会议之后,组委会立即起草并提交给政府关于成立世博会皇家委员会的申请。组委会成员到英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰的65个城镇和法国等一些欧洲国家进行了游说,动员参展。 1849年10月17日,组委会举行了一次大规模的公共会议,向伦敦市最有影响力的商人和银行家描述了世博会的整个计划。艺术协会的项目融资也有了进展,25万英镑的保证金解决了财务问。很快,议会两院也以多数票同意在海德公园内举行博览会。 1850年1月3日,世博会皇家委员会成立。随后,维多利亚女王便以国家名义向世界各国发出世博会参展邀请。 31# 老顽童thtsjy 一个方案拯救了首届世博会 世博会的筹备工作开局颇为顺利,但是困难却是接踵而来。一是时间紧,距世博会开幕仅有一年半,具体工作尚未启动;二是集资困难,运作资金尚有很大缺口;三是社会上有大量意见反对使用海德公园举办世博会,因为建造展馆将会破坏树林和环境。但最大的麻烦是世博会展馆的设计与建造问。 1849年底成立的世博会建筑委员会立即向各国发出展馆设计的邀请。尽管方案征集仅有三个星期,但委员会仍收到245个方案,却没有一个获胜者。因为所有方案都是古典、永久性的建筑形式。这不仅使阿尔伯特等陷入困境,甚至有导致世博会流产的危险。 正在皇家委员会一筹莫展时,一个不经意的方案不仅成功地挽救了世博会,更是成为人类历史上的里程碑作品,甚至建筑物作品的本身成为了第一届世博会最成功的展品。这便是园艺工约瑟夫·帕克斯顿和他的创作“水晶宫”。 意外发现睡莲化作“水晶宫” 1837年,一位英国探险家在圭亚那发现美丽的王莲,便采集种子带回英国交给查丝华斯庄园首席园艺师约瑟夫·帕克斯顿(Joseph Paxton)种植。三个月后,王莲长出11片巨大的叶子和开出美丽的花朵。帕克斯顿将花以维多利亚命名王莲Victoria amazonica Sowerby(Royal Water Lily,Amazon Water-platter),并作为礼物送给了维多利亚女王。自此他与阿尔伯特亲王相识并成为挚友。 王莲越长越大。有一天他把7岁的小女儿抱在其中一片叶子上观赏花朵,水上飘逸的绿叶居然轻而易举地承担起她的体重。帕克斯顿翻开叶子观察其背面,只见粗壮的径脉纵横呈环形交错,构成既美观又可以负担巨大的承重力的整体。这个发现顿时给了他灵感,一种新的建筑理念在脑中形成。不久他在为王莲建造查丝华斯温室时,用铁栏和木制拱胁为结构、玻璃为墙面,首创了新颖的温室。该建筑除了简洁明快的功能外,建筑构件可以预先制造,不同构件可以根据建筑大小需要组合装配,这样的建筑成本低廉,施工快捷。 帕克斯顿听说了在海德公园建造展览场馆之事,立即毛遂自荐愿意提供他的建筑方案。 帕克斯顿的设计方案在众人的关注下最终被敲定,记者Douglas Jerrold在报上将它称之为“水晶宫”,这个名称一直流传至今。1850年9月26日,水晶宫奠基。6个月不到就竣工了。 整幢建筑是现代化大规模工业生产技术的结晶。 38# 老顽童thtsjy 博览盛会,创造历史 水晶宫建造的同时,组委会挑选和收集各类展品的工作进展加快。博览会共有18000个参加商,提供了10万多件展品。 组委会另设特别评选委员会对展品评选,评出5084奖项,其中外国人获得3045项。 1851年5月1日早上9时,水晶宫开门接纳来参加开幕式的客人。50多万人聚集在海德公园四周。11时30分,9驾皇家马车列队离开了白金汉宫前往海德公园参加世博会开幕大典,12时的钟声敲响,在“哈利路亚”乐曲声中,王室和他们的随行人员进入展览宫。 水晶宫内挂满万国彩旗,参观人流摩肩接踵,各种工艺品、艺术雕塑琳琅满目、目不暇接。人们惊奇地观看来自不同国家的发明、珍奇和不同产品。 参观者最感兴趣的是不同的机器发明。人们目瞪口呆地看着开槽机,钻孔机,拉线机,纺纱机,造币机,抽水机等各种机器工作,让人领悟到工业革命给世界带来的变化。 当然,最受赞誉的还是水晶宫,这座原本是为世博会展品提供展示的场馆却成了第一届世博会中最成功的作品和展品。水晶宫成为世博会的志。水晶宫成就了世博会的举办,世博会的成功又为世界上第一次聚集众多国家,为了一个和平的目的交流不同文化、科技成果开创了先例。 1851年共有6039195人次参观了首届世博会。 同年10月14日伦敦世博会举行了闭幕式,世博会圆满结束,并获得了186437英镑的利润。 世博会结束后水晶宫移至伦敦南部的西得汉姆,并以更大的规模重新建造,1854年6月10日由维多利亚女王主持向公众开放。它作为伦敦的娱乐中心存在了82年。1936年11月30日晚上6点,中央大厅员工厕所突然着火,大火烧遍了整幢建筑。水晶宫的焚毁宣告了辉煌的维多利亚时代结束。 43# 老顽童thtsjy 1853年美国纽约世博会 1853年的世博会在美国纽约举办,主办者效仿英国也用钢铁和玻璃建造了一个大型展馆,同样称之为“水晶宫”,但规模却小得多,仅及英国的三分之一。 45# 老顽童thtsjy 46# 老顽童thtsjy 胜家缝纫机公司(Singer)是美国第一家成功的跨国公司,其主打产品——缝纫机被誉为继农用锄具发明之后的又一伟大发明,并被称为“世界上最著名的机械”。1853年纽约世博会上展出的胜家缝纫机已具备以后一百多年间的家用缝纫机的基本功能。 47# 老顽童thtsjy 48# 老顽童thtsjy 1852年,奥的斯发明了动力上升梯子的安全装置,并在1853年纽约世博会上演示其发明。现代电梯仍使用奥的斯当年的发明创造。 52# 老顽童thtsjy 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会上,一种起源于古罗马、风行于16世纪欧洲宫廷、而为爱尔兰妇女所钟爱的蕾丝作品,以其华美典丽而令人炫目,并由此推广成为平民女子的美丽服饰。 54# 老顽童thtsjy 1867年巴黎世博会 1867年在法国巴黎举办的世博会,已经具备了现代世博会的雏形。主展馆为490X380米的巨大橄圆形建筑,中心为公园,四周为展厅,16条通道分割展区,给各参展国设计自己独立的展馆。 57# 老顽童thtsjy 蓝色的多瑙河——记1873年维也纳世博会 世博会的举办与规划 十九世纪中后期,通过举办世博会来提高国家地位,已被许多国家认同和追逐。1870年,奥地利政府为将首都维也纳推进到世界先进城市行列,同时也为清除1866年普奥战争失败后的笼罩在城市上空的阴霾,向世界宣布:举办1873年维也纳世界博览会,主为纪念约瑟夫一世执政25周年。 世博会举办地选择在风光秀丽的多瑙河边,这条河随着几年前施特劳斯著名的圆舞曲《蓝色的多瑙河》而名声鹊起。维也纳中央公园被选作博览会会场,面积达233公倾。维也纳市政当局想利用举办世博会的时机,对旧城区建筑大举实施改造,拆去城壁,打通市中心与郊外的联系,多瑙河也在整改范围之列,涉及水道绵延半英里,拓展河道工程产生的50万立方的砂砾被用于世博会会址之用。整个工程规划由建筑师凯利·哈森那根据意大利文艺复兴时期的风格设计。由于前几届世博会的启示,维也纳世博会的组织者已开始注重建筑的功能与美观结合,强调建筑的整体魅力。设计中的宏伟庞大的主建筑群——工业宫,面积达7万平方米,工业宫建筑结构合理,长907米,宽206米。中央与园顶大厅相连,两侧留有宽25米主廊,主廊与长145米、宽15米的侧廊相交。侧廊之间有多个宽45米,长75米庭院,所有建筑均建有屋顶,观众入口装饰处建造了凯旋门和不同历史风格的大门。工业宫建筑开创了世博会历史中建造大型联体展览建筑物的先列。 60# 老顽童thtsjy 世界第八大奇观——圆顶大厅罗托纳达 维也纳世博会上建筑亮点是由斯各特·罗素设计的工业宫中央圆顶大厅罗托纳达。罗素曾担任1851年伦敦世博会参展委员会的秘书。该大厅设计显然受到了1851年世博会“官方”建筑计划书的启发,风格极其相同。 罗托纳达圆形大厅,顶高83米,直径约110米,成为当时世界上最大的圆顶大厅建筑,比罗马的圣·皮耶尔大教堂的48米圆顶和伦敦的圣保罗大教堂37米圆顶确实大了许多。圆形大厅的结构也是用金属制作,建设周期仅18个月,时间之短在当时令人难以置信。建筑被称之为世界第八大奇观。圆形大厅其锥形屋顶由32根粗大的柱子支撑,圆顶之上有一个直径为28米的穹隆塔顶,再上面是一个直径为7米的小型穹隆灯塔,最高处是一个奥地利皇冠的巨大复制品,由皇冠珠宝的仿制品装饰。 这个巨大的园顶建筑物引起了轰动效应,也倾倒了观众。世博会期间共有206270位参观者踏着台阶登到圆顶皇冠处,饱览维也纳城市的迷人景色并为壮观的建筑而荣耀。 整个博览会除工业宫建筑群外,还有机械厅、美术馆、园艺馆等新建190多幢建筑,整个世博会把现实和艺术,现代和古老,东方和西方不同建筑元素和谐地融为一体。 64# 老顽童thtsjy 布展独特展品丰富 建筑群内的中央广场呈东西走向,圆形大厅中央安放着土耳其苏丹二赠送的美丽装饰喷泉。四周由回廊环绕,陈列各国展品。维也纳世博会组织者,为了使展品分类越加合理,将展品分成26种,分类数增加到162个,其目的是“将创造发明、工业化生产与人类教育、生活品味和生活质量的发展相适应”。 16个展示厅内布局根据国家位置而设计展示体系,每个国家的展品都靠着其地理上的邻国,所以只要观赏了不同国家的展品,就可以获知基本的世界地理知识。 奥地利展品中给人印象比较深的是一副刻画政治家在普法战争中形象的象牙棋子和一颗重达8吨、长50英尺放置在水银池中的巨型炮弹,使人想起1866年那场不幸的那场战争。 埃及展示了世界注目的苏伊士运河工程模型。埃及政府把设计展区的任务委托给了一批德国的著名埃及史研究专家。他们在设计中将四年前刚开始动工的工程建筑与埃及风光、风情巧妙结合,把埃及的地理、历史和社会进程关系完美的展示给观众。 瑞典提供了一个模范学校的教育展示,从教室的课桌设计到学生教材丛书和办学规划,让观众了解公共教育的重要性。 维也纳世博会主办者强调发明和设计理念:科学和艺术,工业和手艺、过去和将来之间,需在美感和实用性的大前提下具有审美价值,构建完美的和谐关系。文化艺术类展品则显示了主办国-维也纳城市特有的强项。 世博会中,奥地利为维也纳城市设计了专展览,展览以丰富多样的形式,详细阐述了建成于罗马时代的维也纳城市中城堡、宫殿、街道、广场和著名建筑物的历史故事。该展览最令人激动的是节日欢庆和比赛活动部分,每天的露天音乐会,由约翰.施特劳斯指挥管弦乐队演奏不同圆舞曲和圣歌,当然最受欢迎的便是“蓝色的多瑙河”,因为只有在音乐之都-维也纳,在美丽的多瑙河边,在世博会特有欢乐的氛围中聆听施特劳斯亲自演绎的“蓝色的多瑙河”,才能真正体验和感受到艺术家的真情和艺术作品的魅力所在。 维也纳世博会中有两个艺术展馆展示来自世界各地的艺术珍品。法国、俄罗斯提供了众多的名家绘画作品。维也纳画家汉斯麦卡特画成的那幅长17米宽4米的巨作,尤其受人瞩目。 古典艺术品中有希腊、意大利送来的大理石雕像,其中有帕台农圣庙的复制品和米洛的维纳斯雕像,据说当时维纳斯的双手还在。 维也纳世博会于1873年5月1日开幕,11月2日闭幕,共有35个国家、4万多参展商应邀参加,仅有725万人次参观了世博会。最后财务的统计表明,世博会的总投资956万美元,但收益仅是其开支的六分之一,被认为是19世纪重大的财政失败例子之一。 维也纳世博会结束后,工业宫部分建筑群成为了维也纳玉米交易所,机器厅等被专门划出用于北方铁路货物和谷物储存中心。但是工业宫建筑和著名的圆顶建筑也同许多历史上世博会建筑一样,遭遇了悲惨的命运,它被1937年的一场大火摧毁。 66# 老顽童thtsjy 1876年费城世博会 1876年的美国费城世博会是一次重要的博览会,这是一届为庆祝美国建国百年而举办的世博会。费城的费尔蒙特公园,是世界上最大的城市公园,也是1876年世博会会址。 68# 老顽童thtsjy 自由女神像是法国赠送给美国的礼物。为参加费城世博会庆典,就将已完成了的自由女神像手臂和火炬先送去。直到1886年,自由女神像才在美国纽约安装完毕。 70# 老顽童thtsjy 爱迪生是19世纪最伟大的发明家,他的许多发明都曾在早期世博会上展出。 73# 老顽童thtsjy 就在这一年,贝尔博士发明了世界第一部电话,立即送到了博览会上展出,也是在这一年,中国第一条铁路在吴淞至上海开通。 75# 老顽童thtsjy 1878年法国巴黎世博会 爱迪生发明的话筒、留声机等在本届世博会上展出。 78# 老顽童thtsjy 永远的埃菲尔铁塔——1889年巴黎世博会的产物 铁塔的由来 1884年11月8日,法国下院议会做出决定:1889年5月3日至11月6日,法国巴黎将举办第三届世博会。主:庆祝法国大革命胜利100周年。 1886年5月,世博会组委会组织博览会的规划设计招。中者中有设计师古斯塔夫·埃菲尔。埃菲尔建议世博会场地放在巴黎火星广场和托罗卡德罗地区,展览面积100公顷。他在规划中创意建造一座300米高的志性建筑塔。 世博会的组织者们更是兴奋地建议:百年盛会中建造的志性高塔建筑,必须征集到大师们的作品,因为只有大师蕴涵的艺术天赋作品才能完美体现法国崇尚文化,独具和无可争议的优势。 招的结果是收到了1000份极富创意的方案,其中花样百出。如,设计一座巨大的断头台以象征帝国的死亡。设计一座350米的金字塔,塔上雕刻有英雄雕像和浮雕以描述大革命的主要事件等等。 但是,最“异想天开”的设计,还是来自年轻的设计师,古斯塔夫.埃菲尔的金属拱门塔方案。埃菲尔创意:“建造一座新颖的金属凯旋拱门来为现代科学和法国工业增光。这座拱门会给人独特的印象,也会超过历史上各种凯旋门形式。” 组委会委员、市政当局经比较和讨论,最终埃菲尔的铁塔门方案获得批准,当时新闻界大多数人也都对此方案表示欢迎。不过,所有人并没有料到,他们通过的这个方案成就了世博会历史上最激动人心的作品,也使1889年的世博会成为了经典。 80# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔设计和建造 古斯塔夫-埃菲尔,1832年生于第戎,中学毕业后,他到巴黎中央大学求学。他在设计建造波尔多的杜罗河桥时,由于解决了桥梁支柱的稳定性的难而初露峰芒。很快,他又参与设计在美国纽约“自由女神”像,因内部复杂的结构而名杨四海。通过一个个大胆创新的建筑项目中,年轻的埃菲尔的才能很快得到了充分展示。 埃菲尔在方案通过后,在40个助手帮助下,绘制了5300幅工程图,涉及到建筑18038个部位。 1886年11月5日,法国贸易部长批准了埃菲尔团队提交的最后方案。并提供其预算2750万法郎中五分之一的资金。埃菲尔抵押了他的公司并设法筹足剩余五分之四的资金。 1887年1月铁塔正式开工,整个工地成了一个巨大的钢铁加工厂,每段钢材都在工厂里依照严密的计算,根据图纸精确制造,然后又严格检验、编号、并按图纸进行组装。高塔建造时现场并没有什么辅助脚架,全靠精密的计算和严密的管理,一根根沉重的钢材凭借手动液压装置精确顶到位置,再由人工用一个个烧红的铆钉,挥舞着铁锥一锤一锤加以铆接固定。铁塔用去15000根钢铁材料,二百五十万个铆钉,整座塔楼在水泥混凝土加固的底座上矗立。工程在28个月工期里,始终体现着严格而科学的秩序。 82# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔引发的争议 埃菲尔自设计铁塔开始,面对的不仅是创新的技术难,还有因铁塔而引发的一场社会争议。因为,他的“通天塔”不仅激发了人们浓厚的好奇心,也产生了巨大的困惑。巴黎杰出的哥特建筑学派专家认为从数学角度考虑建造铁塔是不可能的。而最大的反对意见来自于巴黎的文学艺术家们。以著名作家盖.德.莫泊桑为首的47位著名人士发起了一项反对铁塔名活动,名的备忘录提交给巴黎政府并在报纸上公开发表。 反对和争议没有阻止建筑的进程,埃菲尔面对各种压力,始终沉着冷静,他认为铁塔一定会成功,他坚信建造铁塔将是完成一座人类理想的丰碑。 铁塔在塞纳河边渐渐升高,反对的意见逐步减少。人们开始冷静地看待铁塔,并对它的整体进行评估:大胆独创的铁塔,新颖别致的造型,直冲天穹的力量,张扬中却又充溢着浪漫的轻盈。这一切不又体现了法兰西民族独有的创造和创新的精神吗? 84# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔建造成功 1889年3月31日星期日,铁塔主建筑完工,埃菲尔与一些世博会高官一起登上了塔顶,并发射了21发礼炮以示庆祝。埃菲尔升起法国三色国旗并骄傲的宣告“现在,世界上只有法国国旗能飘扬在300米的高空”。 艾菲尔铁塔,这个曾被嘲笑为“悲剧式的蜡烛台”,“可怕的钢材堆”“巨大的工业烟囱”为法国1889年巴黎世博会带来激情和滚滚财源。 艾菲尔与巴黎政府的铁塔合约在1889年5月起开始回报,根据合同条款,20年中,铁塔收益归艾菲尔所有,铁塔就象一个金矿,这个金矿给艾菲尔带来了极大的效益。 当20年后,铁塔移交给巴黎市,艾菲尔和巴黎市政府并没有料到,铁塔的收益会不断延续,在一个世纪后,铁塔仍然游人如织。 86# 老顽童thtsjy 世博会时的铁塔 1889年5月6日,随着埃菲尔铁塔上一声炮响,世博会正式开放,会期每天早晨铁塔上的炮声和晚上铁塔的灯光不仅成为世博会的景观,更是成为巴黎都市浪漫生活的组成。由于采用了电灯照明技术,这也成为第一次晚上也开放的世博会。 1889年世博会期间,登塔成为参观的主要目的和时髦,共有2百万人在会期参观了铁塔。 埃菲尔铁塔有三层:第一层为57.63米,设不同的餐厅;第二层115.73米,设不同的办公室,特别是费加罗报的办公室,负责为参观者办理登塔证书;第三层276.13米,是服务区、气象台,实验室(物理,气象,生物)和艾菲尔的办公室,一般不对游人开放。 埃菲尔铁塔有一部电梯,每次可容纳100人,斜升到57米高一层,另外一部可载50人的垂直电梯,开到115米高。电梯每小时可供2400人用。参观人也可以通过1792级楼梯徒步登塔,到顶层鸟瞰巴黎全景。 1886年,本茨制成世界上第一辆三轮内燃机汽车。1889年,本茨亲自驾驶着汽车在展示,大受欢迎,也预示人类的汽车时代已经到来。 1889年11月6日,法国卡尔诺总统主持了的盛大的世博会闭幕仪式,世博会明星爱迪生用新近发明的留声机,以播放埃菲尔宣布闭幕的声音作为博览会闭幕节目。 88# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔的精神 1923年埃菲尔去世时,他的铁塔仍是世界上最高的建筑物,这一记录一直保持到1930年纽约克莱斯勒大厦建成,它比埃菲尔铁塔仅高出几米。 100多年来,埃菲尔铁塔历经风雨,屹立在塞纳河边,并成为巴黎城市的组成部分。百岁铁塔并没有因时间推移而失去代表时尚的美名,它那高耸、浪漫的丰韵成为了法国的志。它凝聚着崇尚创新的法兰西民族精神,它张扬着近代科学文明的威力,它彰显着巴黎城市无穷的文化魅力。 当然,人们也不会忘记伟大的世界博览会,正是这样的一个创造、创新的舞台造就不朽的埃菲尔先生和永远的埃菲尔铁塔。 90# 老顽童thtsjy 1893年美国芝加哥世博会 而今我们日常生活中离不开的拉链是由美国工程师Whitcomb L Judson发明并在1893年芝加哥世博会上亮相。 ([]
从明天起,做一个幸福的人 喂马,劈柴,周游世界 从明天起,关心粮食和蔬菜 我有一所房子,面朝大海,春暖花开 从明天起,和每一个亲人通信 告诉他们我的幸福 那幸福的闪电告诉我的 我将告诉每一个人 ——海子 梦想的由来或许很简单,我认为自己天生就是个旅行者,因为读书时地理一直都是全校第一,一抱起地图就爱不释手。此前,在广东辛苦做环保机械设备销售的目的,就是为了挣钱旅游。有些事情现在不做或许这辈子都不会再做。虽然我只有20岁。 2010年10月份,正在新疆旅行的我,在从新疆到甘肃兰州的途中,就和一个朋友约好 通过徒步加上搭便车去拉萨 15 天后成功到达了拉萨。 但是,我却并不满足,还想去青藏高原上的林芝看看,可是这次却差点让我丢掉性命。“那时候已经快过年了,下着雪,山路上又有冰,而我也没有任何装备。我一不小心滑下山谷,直接晕了过去,幸好一个路过的牧民救了我。山下就是雅鲁藏布江,现在想想的确很危险。” 住了几天后,好心的牧民把我送到了拉萨,我的第一次徒步旅行由此告一段落。但是,打那以后,便深深迷上了旅行。回到东莞后,我夜不能寐,辗转反侧,每时每刻都在想着旅行的事,就连做梦也梦到自己行走在旅途。 终于,在2011年5月13日,带着身上仅剩的90元现金、一个大背包和自己伟大的梦想出发了。出发前跟一个老朋友发誓:梦想不成,头发不剪! 我的大概的路线图 陈超波走中国 感谢一路上有你! 路线设计是以自然美景为主要,也会经过很多名山名水和文化古镇,比如武夷山…姿源三清山…黄山…西湖,西塘,黄河口,鸭绿江,漠河北极村,抚远乌苏里江,额古纳,呼伦贝尔草原,黄土高原, 宁夏长城村,黄河源头,新疆,阿里,怒江峡谷,贵州,等名族区域。在路上也会努力了解历史文化,比如,走西口或闯关东等历史。 大致 路线是2011年5月13日从广东东莞出发,经华东…华北…东北…内蒙…山西。。陕西,,甘肃…青海…新疆…西藏…云南…贵州…广西…湖南…回到东莞!共经27个省市。时间大概三年。 如果你所在的地方在我的路线图上,在不影响你正常生活的情况下,希望你能做一些举手之劳之事助我完成梦想,陈超波必感激不尽! 我QQ 367230435 旅行家陈超波的腾讯微博 陈超波的腾讯博客 走遍中国 出佂第一天5月13日 今天从东莞石排镇出征了 昨晚和朋友喝酒喝得太晚了 喝到1点多 本来计划8点出发的 结果搞到8点18分才走出家门 没有任何人送,也没有短信, 出发第一天的照片,因为没有相机,只能用2005年我伯伯送我的手机拍身上就是一个昨天花30元买的大包加一个以前做业务留下的小包,大包里装了一些换洗的衣服,和一双拖鞋,一把雨伞,没有任何装备 呵呵 不过,也轻松 。我要尽快找个加油站 这样搭便车成功的机会就会大一些 。因为我想早点出这几个大都市。当我走到石排福隆的时候 看到了一个加油站 和去年一样我很热情的上前跟车主打招呼 问好 然后讲了我的事之后 我共跟两位车主提了搭便车的要求 两位车主也都愿意载我 可我没有上他们车 因为他们是去广州方向去的 我的方向是惠州 河源 我可不能随意改变我的方向 跟车主道谢之后 又继续往前走 为什么不继续问其他车呢 因为我走错方向了 一天公路有左右两边左边是往东莞广州方向的 右边是往桥头惠州方向的 而我在左边 所以我在这肯定拦不到往惠州的车 大概又走了半个小时 我看到旁边有个宝塔 挺意外的 这里有个宝塔以前都没听说过 所以我把它排了下来 不知道是上天想阻拦我前进还是我给宝塔拍照惹怒了天神 刚拍完就下起了大雨 呵呵 我可不会被这点雨给挡住 打开伞继续走 走到企石的时候 已经10点了 我又到了一个加油站 我看到了一辆越野车 我马上跑过去那个车主看到我来了 就马上把车窗打开 我说明来意之后 他说他去石排方向不一样 要是顺路的话我一定带你 唉没办法我又继续问了其他的车子可得到的答案都是 我就在这里 呵 甚至有的看到我来了 马上把车窗关上 这次共问了25辆车 但没有一个肯载我的 这时 加油站的一位工作人员 好奇了 问我是干什么的我给他讲了我的计划之后 她哈哈笑了起来 她说 *这怎么可能 广东人只看钱 没钱什么都别谈搭便车在广东行不通的 放弃吧 你要不是长的看起来比较友善的话 别人肯定会翻你白眼的 旁边的人也跟着议论起来 没关系这里搭不到车我换下一个加油站 大概走了半小时我又找到了一个加油站还是一样我先自我介绍问了很多车 但得到的都是NO有一个大概30多岁 一口很浓的广东口音男子最可气他居然很大声的说 干什么 走开! 气死我了我靠还是头一次遇到这样的人 我都不敢在问下一个了我蹲在加油站旁 等了好久最后还是鼓起勇气问了一个小货车 没想到的是他居然是去惠州陈江的 而且还愿意带我去陈江 更巧的是他居然是湖南人呵呵 真是出门遇贵人啊 老乡一路上对我的事都很感兴趣 还请我吃了午餐 我十分感谢他 愿他好人一生平安! 到了陈江我走时他又跟我说你不如做一面旗帜吧 写一些话上去 别人看到后 愿意帮助你的人 会主动帮助你的 说的有道理 老乡带着我找到一个广告公司 做了一面旗帜 然后写上 90元走遍中国 呵呵因为旗帜要明天早上才能拿到我只有在这里住一天偻 明天在上路 看来我以前太小看陈江了 陈江其实也是一个很美丽的小城现在在修建轻轨 而且陈江还是株三角的一个交通驱钮 最让我意外的是 陈江的女孩子 好像都非常漂亮呵呵不知道是不是 因为我来了所以都变漂亮了 5月14日, 早上8点拿到昨天做的旗子后 就出发勒 因为没风 了让旗子飘起来 我跑了起来,大街上所有的人看到后,几乎都停了下来观看,有的还拿出手机拍照,连公交车司机也都停了下来观看 呵呵 真可谓是回头率100%啊! 有一个22岁姓杨的河源的小伙子,很感兴趣的开着电动车过来,跟我聊了起来。他说他以前也梦想着去旅行的,可出来工作后,慢慢的 都把这事给遗忘勒。现在看到我之后,又激起了他的兴趣。他还主动要送我到惠州市区去。到了市区后就跟他谢别勒。我又一个人继续走,走到西湖时,被那美丽风景给吸引住了。所以就停了下来欣赏。有好多到西湖旅游的游客都被我吸引了过来,还要跟我合影,呵呵,还有坐公交车的人也都拿出手机拍我,呵呵,这事我想到了一句话“当你在欣赏风景时,你却成了别人眼中的风景”,走到了江北脚都扭到了,好痛 没办法 还是拖着右脚继续走,我一边走一边拦车,后来拦了很久很久,终于被我拦到了一个小面包车,他是去江西全南的,这里都是些工业城市我是不想在这带那么久,想早点离开这里,我说了很久他答应了可以送我到江西去,呵呵真是感谢他,他姓肖,正要回全南。路过和平时,我停了一下,因为真的很漂亮,和平县城四周都是山。由于刚下过雨,云雾把和平县城完全淹没在了下面,只能看到一点,因为我下一站时赣州,所以我只能在龙南下车了,到了龙南都已经7点了 天黑了,今晚就住龙南吧 没来过龙南还真不知道 龙南现在发展得和广东没什么区别了,最重要的是,美女真的好多啊!晚上我吃了一个米粉然后找到了龙南汽车站,今晚就在此住了。五月十五日,没想到龙南也建起了现代化工厂,因为一直下着大雨,所以等到十一点才出发,雨一直没停过,出了县城后,我一直沿着国道往信丰县方向走,一边走一边拦车,也有在加油站问车的,但都没一个人肯载我的。高大的树木把道路两旁的大山全给掩盖在了下面,看起来就像是在热带雨林一样,不觉有点害怕。走到大概五点时,我看见路旁有一间废旧的没人居住的二层房子,于是就进去避雨,看起来这应该以前是一个商店,还有一个旧货柜在那里,本来打算今晚就住这里的,但看见我的行李全被雨淋湿了,而且我在一个房间里又看到一张老人家的照片,害怕了,只好继续走了,走到六点时,到了龙南东坑镇,我的脚非常的痛,全身都被雨淋湿了,脚也起了两个泡,今晚只能先住下来了,到了一个饭店里,五元钱老板给我上了一个用海碗装的米粉,还放了很多很多肉,呵呵,太给力了,我还是第一次没把碗里的食物吃完呢!十元钱老板让我住他楼上,房间很不错,很大很温馨。因为这是农家,今天确实挺倒霉的,一个车都不愿载我倒还不说,所有的行李,以及全身都被淋湿了,希望明天不要再下雨了,从明天起,我的90元全用完了,一分钱都没了,可还是要继续走!5月十六日,大雨依然没有停,今早上六点半就出发了,尽管衣服,鞋子也没有干,不过今天还算幸运,出门走了不到一公里,就搭到了一个货车。司机看我拿着旗子,问我是哪个旅行社的,我不好回答便说:是陈超波旅行社的,呵呵,到了赣州后因为他要去南昌,我就下车了,到了赣州才九点半,还是有车好啊,如果走路要走三天啊!真的好累,衣服也是湿的,我找了一个宾馆,我用出了以前做业务时的功夫,一遍又一遍地跟前台说解释我的计划,并让她在网上查,结果一查,还真查到了我。我帮她拖大厅的地,她才答应给了我一个很小只有一张床的房间。我还是很感谢她,这位姐姐很不错,他说很支持我的旅行,还请我吃了饭。可惜,不好意思跟她要联系方式。五月十七日,8点出发后,在赣州宋城旁的大桥上, 赣州宋城两个警察把我拦下,把我旗帜抢了过去,还叫我把身份证拿出来,因为我以前就听说有很多坏人,假装成警察骗人的,而且他们友没穿警服,有点怀疑,但又不敢说,就小声的说了一句,“你是警察吗?有什么证件”,呵呵,他耳朵真好使,我这么小声他都能听见,只见他在身上摸来摸去,找了很久,然后说“|我证件没带,你要是要看就跟我上车去警局”要让我上车,那更不行了,我就不管他了就转身要走,他见我要走就打开旗帜看了一下,问:“你是徒步旅行吗? 你不要误会我真是警察,我们刚才看你拿着旗帜,今天下午有领导要来检查,我们怕这旗帜上写着**的语。"原来是这样啊。没关系“我说。他还 直夸我勇敢,还用警车送了我一段。呵呵,我还是第一次上警车呢。走到赣县茅店时已经十一点了,在路上拦了一辆面包车送我到了罗坳镇。没有钱没关系这里的琵琶真多,我问了一个老奶奶,让我摘一点琵琶吃,老奶奶很善良,给了我很多,我吃得好饱。于都人真是热情啊,开摩的的大哥看我是徒步旅行的也愿意搭我,因为我的包断了,他送我到了补鞋店去,到了补鞋店,补鞋的是一个阿姨,我跟阿姨说了很多很多关于旅行者的故事,告诉她,旅行者就是宣传者,旅行者会把每一个地方的风土人情,传播到各地,当然也少不了一些赞美。花了一分钟终于把补鞋地阿姨说服了免费帮我补了包。谢谢阿姨。包补好后就继续出发了,刚走出县城,一个姓刘的青年看到我就知道我肯定是旅行的,他开这车过来说愿意做我的导游开车送我到红军长征纪念馆,我看他挺实诚的,就答应了。等我参观完之后还送了我一段走时送了我一大瓶装满冰块的水,还说以后有什么事就打电话给他,他一定会帮我!真的很感谢于都人!虽然好饿,但能遇到这么多热心的人,那也值得了,路上很多人要跟我聊天,我都没力气去跟他们说,只是默默低着头慢慢走。跟本地人交流也是我旅行的一个目的之一,下午5点实在没力气了就在路边缆车,运气不错,拦了20分钟就搭到了一辆雷克萨斯 其实这里挺好搭车的,只是有时候我想自己走,这位兄弟 送我到了中华苏维埃共和国根据地瑞金,晚上6点半,我在瑞金县城找到了一个湘菜馆,没想到这里也有湘菜馆,我想应该也是湖南人,老乡 见老乡,应该会照顾一点的,就进去了,恰好老板是个年轻人,我更不好意思了,因为怕拒绝,磨磨唧唧的 磨了半天才说出来,还是想要点面子就说的很好听:“我想以力换物,”他还没听到,大声地说:“你说什么”我受不了了就快速的说了一句:“我帮你做点事,你让我吃顿饭行不行” 这下他想了一下之后,然后说,可以啊,等会和我们一起吃饭吧。见他答应了,我高兴极了 ,然后到了厨房把碗洗了,地也脱了,桌子也檫了。做了半个小时,吃饭了,因为太饿,一碗饭,10秒钟就解决了,吃的是咸鱼,很不错。吃完饭后,我要去找个地方住,我去了很多旅舍,看看能不能,帮旅社做点事,让我借宿一下,可这地方也确实有些现实,一连问了5个旅社,他们几乎都是说,我们是做生意的,为的是赚钱,而且我请了阿姨来做事的那些事早就做完了,不需要。也没办法。算了。走出县城后,看到一个正在建的小区,有的房子已经粉刷好了,今晚要就尝一尝住“新房”的感觉吧,可蚊子实在太多了,我也没有任何防虫的药品,就用被子把全身卷起来,可是地上太凉了,根本睡不着,真的好想放弃,没错,明天就回家,然后就坐在路边的一个大石头上,等着天亮,那种迷茫我以前从来没想到过,回家——矜持下去。在我脑海里不断的打着架。5月18日5点半,太阳出来了,有的农民下田种地了,有的农民进城来赶集了,看着行人,都有着自己的目,我顿了一下,想到了我出门时对朋友说的话;梦想不成,头发不剪; 我要说就这样回去,怎么见我的朋友呢,好,走下去,就算回,那也要,有个好点的理由啊。嗯 继续出发 。不知是谁把二元钱放在了我的包里,发现之后我把它买了早餐。不知走了多远,一个开着摩托车的大叔看到我旗帜后说给10钱送我到福建长丁县城,我看了他一眼,说,不好意思,我不坐车,他本想走的,又转过头来,问我:你是做什么的呀我是旅行的。这下他感兴趣了,说上来吧,我顺路,带你去。一路上,他都很有兴趣的聊着各个地方的人文。原来长丁的佛文化还挺兴旺,参观了戒愿寺,感受到了佛的威慑力,让我感觉有点害怕,由于昨晚一夜没睡,现在感觉快要倒下了,幸好一位河田镇的老奶奶给了我很多琵琶,这才有些精神。一位姓刘的小伙子远远的被我吸引了过来,主动说要送我一段,因为年纪跟我一样大说非常佩服我,他以后有了一个可以学习的榜样,还给了我十元钱让我吃饭。我感到挺意外的,我说要留他电话以后好还给他,但他谢绝了。在南山镇时,我没水了,便到了一个饭店里要水喝,我以为她会问我要钱的,没想到她非但不问我要钱,还给了我两瓶,说在路上喝,太热情了,让我有些招架不住,这要是在广东决不可能。晚上也找不到住的地方,本来今晚打算住路边白色的小房子的(临时放死人的地方),一个开着卡车的连城人看到我旗帜后,以为我是掉队的旅行团,便停下还送我到了朋口镇,了解我情况后,便力劝我回家去,说好好干事业。还请我吃了米粉,好久没吃这么饱了,他走时!还叫我别再走了,回家吧! 想起今天被一群狗追,真有些想哭,何时受过这样的罪,现在很纠结,到底该不该继续往前走呢?晚上找到了火车站。今晚就住火车站。脚好痛,肩膀也被背包磨得好痛。真的很想放弃,可每次一想到跟朋友说的:梦想不成头发不剪”那句话,我又镇定起来,还是要走下去,看来有时候说“大话” 也未必是坏事。我静静地欣赏,小河静静地流淌,这是一幅绝妙的山水画啊!一边走,一边享受着这无处不在的美,八山一水一分田的福建,山好水好人更好!回到国道后,我花了五秒说服了开面的车的司机,带我到了新泉镇。一路走来,所有的人都用一种赞扬配着笑容的眼神望着我。走到庙前镇时,脚底已有了好几个泡,大腿也痛得不得了,我只得停下来缆车,一位阿姨好奇地走过来,跟我交谈,得知我的故事后,她拿出二十元钱给我,说十五元用来坐车去龙岩,五元今晚用来吃饭。这让我很意外,我拒绝,觉得这不太好,但她硬塞给我,说这是你应得的,这么小的年纪有这么大的梦想,也让我很感动啊,她的这番话也感到了我。我只有接受了,她叫范阿姨,地址是福建省龙岩市连城县庙前镇庙兴街1—1号。请大家有时间或机会去捧捧她的店,我祝她好人一生平安!到龙岩市区后,因为脚太痛,站都有些站不稳,而且装备确实应该准备一些,毕竟这个社会没我想的那么理想,所以我要在龙岩呆一段时间,一是要了解龙岩,二是要疗伤,三是赚点钱买些装备。等调整好了在出发。6点我在一个报刊亭旁边看到了一个招聘广告,是网络游戏外挂工作室,因为照片条件我都符合,而且我也喜欢游戏,所以马上就打了电话过去,嘿,接电话的兄弟很诚实,我能听出来,是真实的,地址在龙门镇,让我过去面试,太棒了,我相信我肯定可以,所以就马上坐公交车过去了,开摩的的大叔问我要不要做摩托车,我半开玩笑的说“我就一块钱,你搭吗?”他自然是没有搭。可旁边报刊亭的阿姨老板听到了说给我二元钱让我做公交车,我太意外了,以为龙岩的好人都在乡下,没想到城里也有。不过,我走时我也专门冒着雨,把钱还给了阿姨。呵呵 我祝福所有龙岩人! 半小时后到了龙门镇,来接我的就是刚才接我的那位兄弟,姓邱,带我到了镇政府后面的工作室 老板黄总跟我说了很多的规矩,还有工资等,不过我都没听,因为这些我不在乎,也都没听,我只想快点吃个饭,睡一觉,黄总看我的谈吐都很风雅可以上班,太好了,总算有个有保障的地方了,其他的明天再说,晚上洗了个澡,舒舒服服的睡了一觉。每天都像饿死鬼一样的吃,生怕没有下一顿,龙岩菜虽然清淡但我依然吃的很香。物价比内地要稍高一些,连骨头的价格比内地也要高出一倍,这要取决于龙岩人的饮食习惯,龙岩人每天都要敖一大锅汤,他们习惯喝汤,这是他们的生活必不可少的。龙岩虽然大多数是外地人,但这里的人不排外,不管你是哪里人到了这里,那你就是龙岩人。都讲普通话,连农村的小孩和农民大婶普通话都讲得很好。龙岩人很朴实,没有其他沿海城市那么“现实”。龙岩人作为福建人的一支,他们都很勤劳,都有着很强的责任心,事业心。我在龙岩认识的这几个朋友,每天工作时间超过了规定的工作时间,每天工作十六,十八,甚至有时候超过二十个小时,但依然拿着十二个小时的工资,他们都豪无怨言,而且很开心,因为他们明白他们这是在为自己的事业工作,不是为钱工作,这让我学到了很多。这一路走来,当我告诉福建人我在旅行要走遍中国时,他们第一句话便会问:你这样做有什么意义吗?可想而知意义在福建人心中已成为一种常识。 我静静地欣赏,小河静静地流淌,这是一幅绝妙的山水画啊!一边走,一边享受着这无处不在的美,八山一水一分田的福建,山好水好人更好!回到国道后,我花了五秒说服了开面的车的司机,带我到了新泉镇。一路走来,所有的人都用一种赞扬配着笑容的眼神望着我。走到庙前镇时,脚底已有了好几个泡,大腿也痛得不得了,我只得停下来缆车,一位阿姨好奇地走过来,跟我交谈,得知我是徒步旅行要走遍中国后,她看我走的很辛苦,拿出二十元钱给我,十五元用来坐车去龙岩,五元今晚用来吃饭。这让我很意外,我拒绝因为这样不好,但她硬塞给我,她说:你这么小就有这么大的梦想,这让我很感动,你一定要收下,她的这番话也让我感到了我只有接受了,她叫范阿姨,地址是福建省龙岩市连城县庙前镇庙兴街1—1号。请大家有时间或机会去捧捧她的店,我祝她好人一生平安!到龙岩市区后,因为脚太痛,站都有些站不稳,所以我要在龙岩呆一段时间,一是要了解龙岩,二是要疗伤,等调整好了在出发。我在一个报刊亭看到了一个招聘广告,是一个网游工作室的 因为上面的条件我都符合,而且我喜欢游戏,就打了电话过去,地址在龙门镇,接电话的邱先生同意让我面试,让我坐公交车去,开摩的的大叔问我要不要做摩托车,我半开玩笑的说“我就一块钱,你搭吗?”他自然是没有搭。可旁边报刊亭的阿姨老板听到了说给我二元钱让我做公交车,我太意外了,以为龙岩的好人都在乡下,没想到城里也有。呵呵呵我祝福所有龙岩人! 半小时后,到了龙门镇,邱先生开着摩托车来接我到了镇政府后面的工作室,老板黄总给我讲了很多规矩和工资情况,但我都没听清楚,因为我好饿,好想睡觉,那些都不在乎,当然,我虽然困但还是时刻注意着仪表,黄总看我谈吐风雅,而且喜欢游戏,就答应让我上班了,一听,被录用了,我心里就轻松多了,因为以后,可以好好的静下心来,休整一下了。晚上洗了澡,吃了顿饱饭,好好地睡了一觉。现在才知道 有床真好!6月19日在驴友商城买了个帐篷193元,还买了个二手的相机600元,和雨衣,这钱都是老板先帮我垫着的,出发时除掉这些钱后,老板还给了我730多元,其中230多元是老板赞助我的,很感谢老板,黄,邱老板知道我明天就要走了,所以今晚给我做了一桌好菜,为我践行。以下是6月20日到8月22号的日记 90元走遍中国 太吸引人了https//bbs.8264.com/forum-viewthread-tid-795392-fromuid-34912777.html以后会在本帖继续更新接下来的旅程回复 Vae-米饭 的帖子呵呵谢谢不过山东我已经走过了 回复 蒙古壮壮 的帖子恩谢谢你 到时候我已经 去找你回复 包子悦 的帖子恩 四川我想以后再专门花一次时间去因为那里很美 漏掉哪里都不好 走遍中国—天津8月24日,迎着太阳的升起,6点出发了,一边走,一边吃着警察给我带的面包,日出很美,走过孟村,黄骅界到了旧城镇,我正拍照时,一开摩托的兄弟说一看就知道我是徒步旅行的,要带我一段,12点到达了黄骅市区,观博物馆,休息了一会后,继续出发,由于阳光强烈,走得很慢,4点,才走到吕桥 走在路上,税务局孟兄见我徒步者 开车说要带我一段去局里喝口水,天气正热着,我也就答应了。到了局里一位曹兄一起在网上看到过我,今日一见很是惊喜,他对很多人都说我是他的偶像,当场把他的女朋友送她的观音项链送给我,说愿你能平安走完中国。感到极了。坐了一会,我要走时,曹兄还开车把我送出沧州地界到天津的路上。 左曹兄 中 孟兄傍晚,有风,走起路舒服,走了10多公里后,开一白色轿车的王哥见我正走着高兴的说要带我一段,王哥说他以前也常出去旅行,而且最敬重徒步旅行的人,还给我介绍了这里很多,王哥给我找了一个旅社,让我住下,走时,他把50元塞到我的手里紧接着说:“我没别的意思,只是很欣赏你,支持你,希望你在天津多呆一天。”我还能说什么,只有感谢了! 王兄晚上,旅行老板衡水来的大姐,也被我行走中国的行为打动,让我跟他们晚上一起吃饭。走了这么久了,走遍中国已不再只是我一个人的梦想,走遍中国也不再单纯的只是梦想!8月25日上午坐着公交车1点到了天津市区,本来想去博物馆的下了车后,只顾着高兴,一直走,一个小时后,才记起来看地图,可已经走的太远了,只好坐公交到了博物馆,我没见过这么豪华的博物馆,整个就像7星级酒店,只有一处免费,其他都要收费。晚上在一个饭店吃炒饭时,一个汽车装饰店的老板黄哥,正好也在,他说他最崇拜徒步旅行者,最后帮我把单也给买了。 黄哥晚上再海河边,打起了帐篷。8月26日,最近一直在考虑如何更好的解决经济问,就在前段时间我想起到了一个办法,搞个走遍中国摄影展,把我一路的照片洗出来找个公园做展览,说好听点叫摄影展,说不好听的就是卖照片,但我的方法与性质跟生意不一样,我是义卖,欣赏我的人认为我这照片值多少钱或者说愿意给多少钱,那就多少钱,而且别人“买”的照片的钱全部算作是对我的赞助,并弄个清单公布在网上。今天早上我决定试一试,上午去了照相馆,洗了90张照片比较有代表性的照片,要晚上才能拿到,这里的东西好搞笑,包子9毛一个,而且很小,下午,找了个书店,给自己充充电,看了一个下午的书,已经3个多月没进图书馆了,一拿到书,心都能静下来。傍晚,一个人坐在海河边的柳树下,静静地看着日落,身在城市,但我却觉得离城市好远,好远。。。。。8月27日,早早的就起来了买了瓶矿泉水解决洗漱,我沿着海河一直往被揍,想找个人多的地方摆摊。走了2公里,在路边找了个地方把照片全摆了出来,摆的长长地一地,这照片一摆出来,围观的人非常多,别人一边欣赏还一边赞叹,有的还说加油,支持之类的话。呵呵 可当我说需要帮助时,就全散了,后来就偶尔有一两个人来看看,看来这里不适合摆,因为人流量太少,我就收起照片,看着地图,找到天津的商业中心,劝业场旁,可人太多,而且到处都是保安,不让摆,就走着,一边走一边寻找合适的地方,又过了一个小时在一个大街转角处有一小空地,可这时,我却有些畏惧,来来往往的人都是城市精英,职业青年,怕他们不理解我。正当这时,天也下起了大雨,我蹲在接到墙角看着人山人海,来来往往,想着后面的路,有些迷茫,不知该如何走下去...中午,买了两烧饼,正好看到一书店,又不由自主的走了进去,看了3小时,还在下着雨,搭帐篷肯定是不能地,就想找个网吧过夜,走了好几个红绿灯,才找到,很想去8264总部看看,也知道就在天津,可不知道在天津那个位置,就上了网发了个帖子,还好过了一会,就有人回复了。有电话及地址。坐在我旁边得兄弟徐兄,福建人,看到我的相册,非常吃惊,然后在网上搜了搜,就看到了很多关于我的信息,因为他也很喜欢旅游可因为身体不好,不能实现,说让我去他家住一晚,他怕我不相信,还拿出身份证让我看,呵呵 我怎么会不相信,感激还来不及呢。到了他在北辰的房子,是个很不错的小区,吃了晚饭,因为我曾去过福建,而且我们玩的是同一种游戏,所以很聊得开,没有陌生感。福建徐哥8月28日,打了电话给总部,可今天没上班,没有人,也只好等到明天了。也不知做什么,慢悠悠的又走到了海河边,看到很多人在河里游泳,很久没有游泳了,就下去了,有几个大叔说要和我这个南方人比比水性,看谁先游到对岸,结果。。没错,当然是我赢了。水很深才,在河里有了一个多小时精疲力尽,上来后,躺在木凳上,看到天上有人在叫我,一下就睡早了。晚上,我到离天津站南900M的一个饺子店,要了5元钱饺子,由于我的装扮,老板徐大叔一下就看出我是旅行者,很感兴趣的问了很多关于旅行的事情,吃完后,我付钱时,徐大叔坚决不收钱,本想跟他和张影的,他拒绝了,晚上又到了北辰徐兄家住一晚。8月29日,早上坐公交车去了市中心,然后打电话跟总部说了下,之后,再坐公交车到了位于鑫茂科技园的总部,刚到门口,一兄弟就认出问我是不是找8264?我说你怎么知道?他说我看你行装就想驴友,然后,他带我到了电梯口,上了6楼,一出电梯,网络的力量几个大字就横在墙上,因为我也不知道谁是谁,就敲门,坐在门旁房间的一兄弟,看到我就过来打招呼,我自我介绍了一下,然后他把我带到了休息室,接着在网上回我贴的张波,阿索来了,娃娃带我到了各个部门参观,摄像机也是一路跟拍,然后回到了休息室,阿索等朋友很详细的跟我分析后面旅程的种种挑战,也出了很多主意,告诉了我很多我不知道的信息,还送了我两件T恤和纪念品还有两面小旗上面还有M55M的名,M55M说以后拿着这旗到跟8264有关的户外店去都可以免费接待,太棒了! M55M 阿索下午3点,前几天在路上碰到的优酷记者说要给我拍个视频,现在就来了,我也就没在总部多呆了,下楼后,优酷记者已经在此等候,然后我们找了个地方拍了几个箭头,4点半结束时,我才发现我还没吃饭,找了个小店,吃了个米粉,今晚就在网吧过夜了,明天一早出发。8月30日,昨晚一直忙到4点才睡了一会,今日计划坐公交车到达北辰然后徒步去北京,到9点时我坐着公交车快到北辰了,这时娃娃来了个信息让我去趟总部,我也没多想就马上下了车,下来后才记起来帽子忘在车上了,到总部时已经11点了,原来是阿索怕我现在的包不够用给我拿了个65升的包很不错的包,这下所有的东西都够装了,再次谢谢阿索和娃娃。然后,在继续出发北仓,现在这装备,走到哪别人都能一下就认出来我是徒步旅行的,后头率更高,哈哈。2点,到达了北仓,接着徒步北上,由于对道路不熟悉,一直到6点半才到达武清,在国道旁,见一小饭店,越国道,入其院,两只大黄狗汪汪直叫,还好是捆着的,要不然就有狗肉吃了,到了店里,要了个焖豆腐,老板娘见我行装,好奇,便问,从何而来,又往何去,是什么身份,“我乃旅行者,从广东出发要走遍中国现在已走3个多月”我答道。老板娘有些不信,问有什么证明,“我有照片和邮戳"我回答,那你能给我们欣赏一下么?看她那么漂亮,行,就拿出来,跟她分享一下吧,他们出厨师几人看得上津津有味,边看边赞扬,吃晚饭后,我给钱时,老板了坚决不收,我问何故,老板娘笑着说"我们分享了你的经历,你的快乐,你也应该分享下我们的手艺,不用给了"真没想到路上也能遇到热心人,只有感谢了,晚上在路边找到了一空地。打起了帐篷,昨晚睡眠时间太短了,所以8点搭好帐篷后,一下就睡着了。 王厨师刚刚无意中又看到了我们湖南一个驴友葬身罗布泊的的报道,在前段时间我还在犹豫到底要不要走罗布泊但是现在,我决定了!要走!我要打破罗布泊死亡之谷的神话!回复 zjumczixu 的帖子呵呵 恩谢谢你关心 我会注意的回复 三鱼 的帖子呵呵 不好意思只是 这几天 一直在想问 那我今天多写一些 走遍中国——北京8月31日,早上6点出发了,天气凉爽好上路,8点看到路边有个小吃点,油条特便宜1元3根,旁边的一哥们开心的说在网上看到过我说要帮我付钱,但我看他像是一个工人赚钱不容易,就谢绝了。走到10点时,还有10多公里就到廊坊市区了,脚底很痛也不想走了就坐下了休息,也想看看这边好不好搭车,嘿,没想到,这一招手,一辆黑色的轿车就停了下来,真是出乎意料,车主赵哥乃武清人也,正要去北京大兴,可以打我一段,好不容易搭上车当然不能放过这个机会了,直接去北京吧,我给他讲了很多关于旅行的事,他也想去可可西里,不知不觉,12点了,到了北京卢沟桥,我下了车,沿着五环路北上石景山,因为通过0063沙发客早已认识了网名为山千三的李哥,现在就去他那里,2点时,走到了衙门口,打了电话给李哥李哥一听我到了,正在上班的他说马上就打的去接我,因为他正在上班,这样不好,就让他等下班后再来,然后我到了石景山游乐园去等他,快6点时,来了,远远的,因为我的行装太明显,一下就被李哥认出来了,李亚东:内蒙赤峰人,IT精英。李哥很热情(北方人可能都这样)他怕我走路太辛苦了坐公交车回去(其实走路10分钟就可以到得)叶姐听说我来了也急急忙忙的赶来,晚餐的丰盛让我受宠若惊,有我最喜欢的龙虾,我很奇怪,为什么晚上那么舒服的床,我却没有做个好梦呢? 武清赵哥 左李哥 右叶姐9月1日,学校又开学了,李哥又上班了,突然停下来,还真有些不适应,守在电脑旁一个上午,直到下午才出的门,去见我在济南黄河大桥认识的北理大学硕士邵哥,陈超波第一次走进了大学生活,在学校餐厅吃饭时因为拼桌还认识了网络人气很红的凯哥及德语的那个小女孩的名字我不认识9月2日,在天安门我看到了很多的外国人,为了以后我环球时的便利,想结识一些外国朋友,就壮着胆子跟她们打招呼,并问有什么需要我帮忙的,结果说了一大堆,他们看着我然后说了一句"SORRY"然后离开了,呵呵 这句我听得懂,一连问了8个人其中有一个也背着和我一样大的包,我猜也是长途旅行的,可遗憾的是她也不会讲汉语,我发誓,我一定要学好英语!9月3日,去洗了几张照片寄给远在湖南正思念我的奶奶,晚上北京其他的沙发客朋友都聚到了一起,搞烧烤,喝啤酒,很过瘾,有一两个女孩还喝醉了,最后一起挤到一个屋里,住了一晚,房间挤得满满的,一定都不浪费,有趣极了。9月4日,朋友多真好,上午大家一起聊着家长里短,做着午饭感觉很亲切,,真有点不想走了,晚上吃完麦当劳,在游乐园漫步时,突发奇想想去看电影《蓝精灵》还是3D的,虽然以前看过一次,但这次感觉完全不一样,因为我现在正追求着和蓝精灵一样的事——自己喜欢的事,不过我还是要跟蓝精灵学习,把快乐带给每一个人。在山东淄博认识的蓝天户外大叔借给我1000元钱,让我先尽量往北走,走不了的时候,就停下来打下工等明年开春再走。9月5日,为了尽快到达东北,今天就出发了做着地铁,到了通州然后继续徒步往秦皇岛方向走,北京即使出了六环路还是一样的繁华,一边走,一边问路,好在都很热情,1点时走上了102国道,接下来我将一直沿着102国道往东北去,3点时进入河北界燕郊,因为地缘和交通的优势,而且北京很快就要建七环会经过这里,所以建设的非常棒,刚进入燕郊看见一交叉口,怕走错路,正好有二人经过,就上去问了一下,嘿!这一问缘分就来了,他们二人是湖南郴州人,离我家很近当他知道我是湘人是徒步旅行的时候,他们都很激动,让我去他们住的酒店里去休息下,我看有缘分,就随遇而安吧,在酒店洗了个澡之后本想走的,结果睡着了,醒来时,已到5点了,向哥让我和他们一起吃了晚饭,在这住一晚,明天再走,我看今天也走不了多久了,就答应了。9月6日,早上和向哥吃完早餐,然后,出发。我在路上买了个1.5L的水杯以防以后睡不够用,一直沿着102国道走,不知怎的脚底特别的痛,一直到晚上6点才走到 蓟县邦均镇,找了一个10元旅社,这老板娘态度非常恶劣,不过晚上在QQ群闲聊时,群里北京的丁哥说要赞助我一辆自行车,让我走的更远,走的更好,我本以为他是开玩笑的,没想到第二天他真给我打了钱,很意外,也很感动。回复 仗贱走天涯 的帖子呵呵谢谢你以后会回天津的回复 阿美寮 的帖子呵呵恩 我91年11月出生的回复 ╮家树 的帖子恩 兄弟 我很好现在 辽宁盘锦了谢谢你的支持([]
Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangMr YANG Liusong, a Chinese who just finished the first solo traverse over Chang Tang by cycling from west to east in recorded human history, shared his stunning Expedition with all of us through the forum 8264 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-512349-1-1.html . In order to share his legendary journey with those who cannot read Chinese, I translate his story to English here, which has been approved by Mr YANG Liusong. Hope you guys enjoy it.为了让杨同学的传奇能让全世界的驴友分享,俺决定把杨同学的帖子翻译成英文。为了避免麻烦,俺先来个免责声明:1。杨同学不认识俺,也没有授权俺,如果他说不要翻译了那俺就随时终止;2。俺没有商业目的,译版版权归杨同学,俺啥也不要,也不承担法律责任;3。没有杨同学授权,不敢擅自发在国外网站,发在原帖处,荣誉归8264;4。俺英语水平有限,欢迎指正,欢迎转贴。 Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangBy Yang LiusongIt has been three months since I traversed the unpopulated region in the Great Chang Tang. There are many like-minded asking me about it. I now present this thread to briefly tell everybody about my journey.The starting point of this traverse was from the highest peak of the western part of the Tibetan plateau, Jieshan Daban, and the day was April 20, 2010.I was heading eastward passing Bungdag Co, Yanghu Co, Rola Co, and Kangzhagri Mountain, which crossed over the desolate region from west to east. The journey continued northward to enter the unpopulated area of Altun Mountains, through Hoh Xil Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Whale lake, ..., finally met some people by the Aqqikkol Hu and then arrived in Huatugou by vehicle three days later and that day was July 5. It had been 77 days in total. I had been all alone 74 days after leaving Jieshan Daban until arriving inAqqikkol Hu, which was about 1400km and about four months.[The Great Chang Tang] In Tibetan, "Chang Tang" means northern empty wilderness while narrowly, means unpopulated region in northern part of Tibet. However, it actually indiCATes all of the no man's land in northern. The great Chang Tang includes desolate places in Northern Tibet, Hoh Xil, Alun Mountains, and Kunlun Mountains, which are interconnected to form the unique and super empty wilderness in the world. Only because Hoh Xil is the most known name, most people just think this vast land is equivalent to Hoh Xil. In reality, Hoh Xil is only a small piece of the Great Chang Tang both administratively and geologically. The Great Chang Tang, the last land to chase your freedom and dream.The route that I traversed ForeplayI arrived in Tibet in the early March, a couple of troubles bothered me. The brand new plug got its positive and negative wrongly connected; the rivets of my rucksack eASIly got broken from now and again; and a multi-functional charger got damaged and so on. Riding my bike to Ngari for warming up of this journey, lost my rucksack but later got it back; lost my camera bag and got it back later again, and finally lost a big bicycle pannier in the street of Gyangze town under the eyes of police, including clothes, solar panel and so on.Without much choice, I returned to Lhasa to adjust all the stuff I would need in the wilderness. Then I begged some luck by going to Nyingchi to enjoy the blossoms of peach trees and to take a hot spring bath. I even had the privilege to enjoy time with ten girls in the hot spring. I felt my bad luck had all gone and then returned to Lhasa again to prepare going to Ngari. I did not expect that I was cheated on by some hustler and lost some money and delayed my schedule for a week. I had to find a car myself quickly to Nagri. However, I lost the tool for fast-parting my rear wheel on my way to Nagri, where was a remote area in Tibet and nowhere to buy the tool. Even if there was one in Lhasa it would take at least ten days for a special delivery service. I was lucky that my mate Duola asked a driver to bring the tool for me from Lhasa. I thought there should be no more nightmare like this but the nozzle of my brand new multi-fuel stove was broken. The next day I tried everywhere to weld them back together. The first three shops could not do the welding for copper. The fourth one said they could do it but could not guarantee a sUCCess. The engineer said it would be ten Chinese yuans if it was a success. I agreed. Just in seconds, my nozzle became crap in a flash of lightening. I was so upset. Again, Duola helped me by bringing her own MSR oil stove and Dingding's sleeping bag to Nagri. That was already April 16 and I did not have much time to waste. The following day I found a vehicle heading to Jieshan Daban.The sand storm over Yarlung Zangbo RiverA lonely peach tree blossoming in Yarlung Zangbo Grand CanyonNatural hot spring in wild, me singing and drinking (photo by a friend of mine) Day 1(April 20), 16km, Camping 5192mIt was a truck with a full load of iron wastes, arriving in Jieshan Daban at 6'o clock in the morning. It was still night and extremely cold and dark. Driver was not bothered to pop his head out of the driving cab. I climbed up on the top of the iron wastes, taking my bicycle down. In a hurry, I punched my old water bag. Fortunately I had another MSR water bag given by a friend of mine otherwise I would definitely fail without even starting my journey. For the first time for me to set up the brand new tent in strong, cold winds. It would be impossible to do so if the tent was not a whole piece. Extremely cold outside, about -15C, might be lower than that, I put my head into the sleeping bag but was nearly suffocated to death, honestly. The smell of Dingding's sleeping bag was, lol, so extraordinary. I woke up around 11 o'clock. There were still strong winds outside so that I had to use my bodyweight to keep the tent in place. At the time when I just started to cook and eat, four patrolling soldiers approached me. To their surprise someone, in this season, camped in Jieshan Daban. I was so nervous and afraid they were the people to block my journey because I was caught and deported from the desolate land last year. Luckily the four soldiers did not know my destination and were very kind to me. After they left, I immediately packed my stuff and pushed my bike into the depths of the unpopulated area just in case anything unexpected happened.The bike was very heavy due to the provisions and hard to control. There was even a quite small hill that I had to remove my bike panniers to get over it. This really struck me because this happened even the path was still the hardship one at the moment and I could not imagine what I would do once I entered the uncertain, endless wilderness. Until now I had not met anyone, even the nomadic pastoralists. I remembered there were quite a few of them roaming at the edge of the northern Tibetan plateau last year. All of these indicated it was not the good pasture season in such low temperature and strong winds. Around 16km there was a sheep cote, where I passed it last year, east of Lungmu Co. I was exhausted at this point so that I decided to camp in here and to rest my head. After arranging tent everything I went out to look for the wetland discovered by Duola and Liumeng last year. I was determined to find it.There were many hot springs in the wetland which were underground water with a constant temperature. The wetland therefore became an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such harsh weather, which was the very unique land feature of terrain in this over 5200m highland.Perpetual snow in the valley blown to corn shape by strong windsThis wetland was discovered by Duola and Liumeng. The workers at a nearby mine did not know it and I too missed it last yearUnderground water with a constant temperature, an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such icy weather 感谢大伙儿支持和加分,不一一回复了。特别感谢多啦,希望能有机会一起喝酒吃肉。 Day 2 (April 21), 0km, Camping5192mBlustering gale all night, up and down like ocean waves. The next day rather than continuing to travel, I stayed inside the sheep cote, hesitating and pondering over. Indeed, there were so many problems before this journey;I did not have sufficient physical preparation;the load had already reached its limitation; I still coughed a lot;the weather was so extreme and cold. All in all, I did not think this journey was well prepared and I did not have confidence in completing this journey mentally and physically. To do, or not to do, it was the question. Similarly I did not have confidence in my facilities, not knowing whether all of them would work functionally or not. The fact was one of the rivets got broken again and the front rack came loose. In the afternoon, I replaced all the rivets of the panniers with screws I had prepared before. This was an excellent job I had done which gave me no further troubles throughout my whole journey. I also re-adjusted the front rack. However I did not think it would definitely all right because I did not have a tool to do it. When the darkness descended,I made up my mind to continue my journey, which, of course, was not beyond any imagination. Orchid-like weedsSmall springs everywhere, clear and chillyA thin layer of ice covering the fresh spring water The sheep cote, it was the door under the sleeping bag, which was in the same place as last year, everything looked like yesterdayThe wetland at duskLungmu Co at dusk. You could hear the gigantic sound of wind if the picture had a sound Day 3 (April 22), 52.4km, Camping 5145mGot up in the morning, could not put everything into the bags. Without much choice I had to throw away three portions of tsampa, elbow pads, and crampons. Following the road of the lead-zinicmine I found the side path to enter the wilderness, which was on the riverbed and very hard to see. I missed this side path last year so that I had to take a short cut into the wilderness directly then. That was why I had taken extra care to find the side path. The following journey was to get over a big hill, which lay 5275m above sea level and was the highest point of my whole journey. Around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, I passed the side path leading to Orba Co and started a journey which was complete strange to me. I ate a piece of pilot breads, which was frozen like rocks so that I had to use my spade to crush it. At 6 o'clock in the evening, I had pushed plus rode my bicycle for about 32 km. I reckoned I should have been able to double this if I did no carry such heavy load. The wind became stronger and stronger. I opened the parasail kits and tested it. The result was far beyond what I expected. With the aid of the strong wind I was just like flying over the wilderness. After 8 o'clock in the evening, I started to observe the water Source and to get ready to camp. Map showed there were successive springs along the path and assembled to puddles. But I had overestimated the water source here in this land and in this season there were endless wilderness inside the valley, where I could not see a single drop of water. As it became darker and darker, I felt a little bit nervous which resulted in three spokes of the parasail broken and became a useless rubbish. Anyway, it helped me to move forward 20km more which benefited me a lot later on. When time approached 9.30 pm, it was almost completely dark. I had to lie my bike on the ground and went on to try to find water on the north side of the valley. This was a wide and flat sandy land, where I could not see any ditches there and further was complete darkness. I returned to get my GPS to look up the contours and found the south part of the valley was closer to a hill so I took the way. Finally I found a piece of ice in a ditch. I smashed about 20litre of ice. The ice was quite shallow scattered with sheep poo. On my way back, my eyes were hurt by strong winds, which got me a couple of days to recover. It was nearly 23 o'clock after I set up the tent. It also took about 40 mins to melt the ice. I was so tired and my appetite was completely spoiled. I then had a little bit of milk. I had never expected thing would go like this, it was so distressing. Streams along the path, ice everywhereThe river flew into Matou Hu, in whose north part there was a satellite lake, a wonderful ice-skating court It took 40mins to melt the ice in midnight Day 4 (April 23), 31km, Camping 5028mA cloudy day with gusts. From now and again, hails chased me from behind. Sunny spell. Heavy sandy land made me have to push my bike. At 3pm, I arrived at Luxing Hu, where there was a house made of clay. This was the last permanent building of my journey. Last year, Duola and Liumeng once lived in this house for three days without meeting anybody. It seemed it was the same but the truck parking in front of the house made me worry about. I went to the sheep cote first to check over, where there were only a few lambs following me everywhere I went later on. This made me feel warm in my heart. I observed farther places using my binoculars but could not see any people or sheeps. After making sure there were no people around I opened the locked door using a screwdriver. The living room was very clean. There were two boxes of beverages on the ground and a string of cured lamb legs hanging over in the interior room. A pot of water was on the top of the stove, lukewarm, which indicated the host must be not far away from his home. I filled up my water bag and left the house. I also put the screws back to the door in order not to leave any trace of my visiting. I then took a spanner from the toolbox of the truck, which gave me great help for the rest of the journey.I left the house as quickly as possible. After last year's experience, the nomadic pastoralists were the last people I wanted to meet. A few hundred meters away from the house, the vehicle traces were fading fast. Even downhill, I had to push rather than to ride because of the heavy loose sand. From the route point of view, only after Luxing Hu it was the real unpopulated land. After many days, I thought of the lamb legs from time to time. It was pity that I then had plenty of provisions and the bike was too heavy to carry anything more. Continue to melt the ice under the morning sunshine, all of the sheep poo had been removed carefullyCamping site, the little hill over there was the place where I got the ice last nightThe house by the Luxing Hu, empty, the last permanent building I saw throughout my journeyDay 5 (April 24), 19.8km, Camping 4951mSet off at 10.30 in the morning, the weather was similar to yesterday. Probably this road was the high plain or somewhere the wind passed so that it was so windy. The average wind speed was degree 6 but could reach degree 9 in the blick of an eye. The road was still full of sand and very heavy to walk on it. My eyes became worse under such harsh weather. About three o'clock in the afternoon, I saw something in my right, looked like antenna. I went closer to see what it was and found out it was an iron tower (the triangulation station). In 1970s, a joint team from Chinese three military regiments entered this area doing research. They have left a lot of triangulation stations and benchmarks, which I had the priviledge to see them today.At dusk, I approached to a spring by the Bungdag Co, which flew into the frozon lake. The sand and soil, brought by the strong wind, scattered on the surface of the ice all over the lake. There were so many cracks around the icey surface of the lake. I geussed it must be caused by the springs under the water rather than by melted ice. In the west of the Bungdag Co was the side path leading to Keriya Pass, where a SUV could reach directly. I had looked out any vehicle Tracks but failed. The cloudy sky started to snow. I set up the tent comfortably because I knew that I was safe having such a sweet spring beside me.Triangulation station erected by scientists from the joint research team on Chang Tang of three military regiments in 1971[size=+0]The gap between water and ice in Bungdag Co, I guessed there must be some springs under the lakeThe storm just above the ground, a chaotic darkness[size=+0]Icy Bungdag Co,one of the four biggest lakes in Northern Tibet, wild ducks flying over this vastness and lonenessSnowing at any time, should not happen so frequently like this in this seasonDay 6 (April 25), 4.3km, Camping 5002mWeathering landforms everywhere around this area. Spongy volcanic rocks could be found easily. I pushed my bike turning around a small hill, seeing a big river, the Yinshui He, flowing from Orba Co into Bungdag Co, which I had been to its upstream last year. It was also a passage for animal migration. The downstream of the river was extremely wide and broad. The thickess of the ice layer could reach one meter with the main stem in the middle course of the river, very deep. There were a few springs along the river, sweet and clear.I only went forward a little bit more than 4km but I had walked more than 20km for finding my way. It was not possible to cross the main stem, let alone the north bank of Bungdad Co. What I could only do was to try to find a shallow place to cross. But the southern area was a even larger piece of wetland and forced the road turn towards west. I spent a couple of hours but failed to find a good point to cross the river. In the afternoon, I decided to follow the edge of the wetland. When I reached the hill foot, the wetland finally disappeared. Around this area, there were clearly volcanic feature of terrain and I even found traces of pasturing and cairns made from volcanic rock.Here was the last pasturing trace I found throughout my journey, I guessed it was a summer pasture area. After this, there was no clear sign of human activities in this vast wilderness. I had been looking for my ways until it was dark. I made up my mind where to go TOMOrrow. The terrain here looked like Yardang landforms, as well as volcanic landforms The Yinshui He river from Orba CoSprings scattered all over the river bank, painted green by lovely algaeThe river was very deep. The mixture of green and amber colour showed the sand and mud carried by the melted iceThick layer of ice, sunken surface caused by strong gustsThe south course of the Yinshui He, countless small streams. To the right was the wetlandLooking for ways in the east, a trace of pasturing and the cairn made from spongy volcanic rocksMy camp, opposite to the hillDay 7 (April 26), 11km, Camping 5009mI moved forward to the direction I found yesterday, turning around the wetland and walking toward east. At 2pm, I was blocked by the zigzag Yinshui He again and I had no choice but to cross it. The river was about 700m wide, covered by ice which appeared very different. The hanging ice, the folding ice, the piling-up ice, the icy puddle, and the sleet were everywhere along the river bank. Having noticed all of these, I reckoned the river would be receding at dusk, which was why there were so many different shapes and forms of ice. I put my slipper on, going into the main stream of the river. I found there were at least three different courses of the river, the thickness of the surface ice varied and the river water reached above my knees. I sighed there would be no way back once I crossed this river. There are many ways in one's life too, you can only take it once and you will no long have the courage to repeat it.I pushed the bike crossing the river. Some of the ice was a bit soft, jamming the tyres so that I had to use my feet to break them first. Some of the ice was a bit thick but with half-melted underneath, sticking the the bike completely, some of the ice was half-water half-ice with a sandy riverbed, which was really hard to pass. I had to remove all of the panniers at the last stage of the crossing. I spent the whole four hours to cross the river, my legs got many bloody cuts. At 6pm, the surface ice was almost disappeared completely, the river level rapidly rising to a chaotic status. I thought if I hesitated a little bit at that time, I could not have the courage to cross this river under such circumstances. The river bank was unimaginably sandy and was quite steep. I had to unloaded the panniers again to reach the top of the bank. By the time of sunset, the weather became exceptionally good. The sunlight from the descending sun, the blue sky, the faint moon, .... I liked such a colorful and peaceful Chang Tang and very much enjoyed my camp and myself bathed in such beautiful colour.The ice like this was very thin and suspended, far away from the main stemHard surface with half-melted underneath, the soft sand at the botton was most scaryThe ice like this could easily jam the wheels, hard to get it outI had to unload the panniersChaotic water and terrible hails turned up in no timeThe Chang Tang at the moment liked it used to be,a mixture of cold and warm tones under the golden setting sun Day 8 (April 27), 14.6km, Camping 5112mLast night, I forgot to bring in the odometer, which was out of order due to the coldness in midnight. Since then I used GPS to check the mileage. The digital thermometer was no longer working. I had to use mercury thermometer to collect data. Night temperatures were basically between –15℃—–20℃ while the temperature inside my tent was about –10℃. The advantage of the integrated tent was that it limited the ventilation so to keep warm inside. However, it got clearly disadvantage of heavy condensation and dew. Every morning, there was plenty of frost inside the tent so that I had to put my hood on First Before fully getting dressed. The winds in Chang Tang finally became consistent with the pattern I had researched the other day no or very tiny wind in the morning, strong wind started after 2pm, and then at around 8pm its strength was reduced again. The accuracy of this prediction was about 80%.The road was very bad today. I walked whole afternoon in an ancient riverbed and it was so difficult that I had to use all of my strengths to move a small step forward and then to stop to breath, slower than a snail. After five hours' struggling, my eyes got wet when I saw the grassy river bank. Finally! The nightmare was over.Cold and clear morningHeavy morning condensation in the interior, a lot of frost to clearSuch dawning sunlight indicated a cloudy day ahead Day 9 (April 28), 18km, 5072mIn the morning I entered a range of sandy roads which were so terrible. The solar panel specially designed for GPS got short circuited. After checking it was found to be the diode got damaged. Luckily I got a replacement. Because the GPS was exclusively supplied by a solar panel so that it was no longer a problem for the power supplement of GPS. In a period of 70 days, I did replace the battery once, which saved me a lot of alkaline batteries. I did have another solar panel of 5.4 W which was used specifically for 7.5V Camera, DV and other digital facilities. Unlike water, I had never been short of power.At 7pm in the evening, I arrived at Pur Co. The surface of this lake was very odd the ice by the river bank rose and the river bank was broken, I reckoned that was due to the strong winds. The ice there was mingled with something yellow, could be the stain of alkali. There were many wild yaks on the other side of the lake. There could be two brown bears but I could not be for certain. On the east side of the lake, there was a peninsula leading to the centre of the lake. I camped just opposite to the peninsula. At night , I smashed the ice to get drinking water, which tasted alkali. For the first time I cooked the cereals, which was brought completely by accident. This was just because I found there was a little bit of extra space when I was in Nagri packing the stuff for this journey so that I bought two packs of cereals. It tasted disgusting, probably there was too much alkali in the water. I threw away half of it. Later I realised that probably I subconsciously felt that the provisions was so heavy. I would rather make it lighter at any cost.Dry all my stuff in the morning sun, a routine matterA faint dusk in Pur CoThe river bank pushed up by ice and opened like zipper by gustsThe pushed up surface of the iceThe place where I got my drinking water, a thin layer of ice behind the ablation corns The moment just before sun set, glittering Pur Co, nothing was the same差点儿没找到俺自己的帖子,原来变色了。多谢各位鼓励。 Day 10 (April 29), 16km, Camping 5141mIn the morning, I walked around the north bank of the Pur Co, where it were continuous ups and downs sprinkled with light yellow sprouts across the sparse grassland. The wild yaks clustered into small groups. All of a sudden, there was a group of five of them running towards me, blowing a huge cloud of dust with the power of thunderbolts,I believed that anyone who did not know the characters of the wild yaks must be frightened to death under such circumstances. The fact was the wild yaks in groups never injured people. Rushing to you just to show you its territory. When they approached people at certain distance, they would turn sharply and run away, and then stopped somewhere high to stare at you. You can not imagine that the wild yaks were very cautious animals compared with its almost one ton of weight. Their first reaction, when meeting people, was to raise their tails, the front hooves rubbing against the ground, the horns pointing forward, the eyes redden, and the long body hair shaking, all of which showed their determination to fight.This was the warning sign that you should retreat. However, you should realise that this was only a gesture that they were afraid of you and wanted to scare you away. The thing was that if you were not afraid of them and moved forward, they would run away in no time. There were only some mad yaks attacking people, which was really rare to happen. In Chang Tang, an experienced driver know that it is very dangerous to pass directly from two or three lonely wild yaks. They always tried to avoid confronting them directly. If this was not possible, they would lit a cigarette, smoking, to wait until the yaks walked away themselves. This was because the wild yaks really could attack vehicles, which was not completely rumors. I once asked them why I had not been attacked. They told me that because my bike was so small they would not be bothered to attack it. My own experience was that approaching a wild yak very slowly, do not look into its eyes, and ignored what it was doing. As long as it moved forward a little bit, just stop and give the yaks a little bit of time to think. Because if you forced the yak, it could be themost dangerous animal in the world and nothing could stop them killing. Even a gunshot could not kill it but only left a small hole in its skin. In the past, the nomads living near this land would use yaks' skin as chopping board which was very much endurable. At noon, I lost my balacLAVA, which was brand new and I had never used it once. I could not be bothered to go back tofind it. This resulted in that I had to have my fleece hat day and night in the rest of my journey, which did not provide fully protection from the sun in the plateau. But somehow I was all right, perhaps because my skin is similar to those of yaks, lol. At around half past one, I found a deserted Jeep, upside down. I felt it could be there for years and it could be the vehicle of someillegal HUNTERs. Nowadays, we have wildlife conservation reserves in Chang Tang and the animals here are well protected. However, some people kills the wild yaks to sell them as the domestic yak's meat. In general, it is worth 10,000 Chinese yuans for a single wild yak. Therefore many people take the risk to make money. They often enter the unpopulated areas to hunt and their activities can reach 200 km in diameter. This is why the wild yaks in the deep wilderness are less afraid of people than thoseat the boundaries of the Chang Tang region.There once happened that a wild yak mother revenged its baby's murder in the Altun mountains. Its horns pierced the killer's chest and held his body over its head for more than ten days, which was very touching.Around 3pm, I walked out of the Pur basin. The next point was Hong Shan Daban and then it was the Yueya Hu by the Toze Gangri. At this time I found a vehicle track from south to north. I checked over but could not find the way where they had gone. I took my map, GPS, and compass, climbing up a small hill to estimate the location of Hong Shan Daban. The mountain was very round and it was hard to find the mountain pass. After determining the location of the Daban, I moved straightforward. When I passed a messy grassland, I saw something that I was reluctant to see more than hundreds of wild yaks' head scattered all over, which was definitely the scene of the illegal hunting. After that it was a very long ancient river bed with soft sand slowly rising until the foot of the mountain.There are some spines on the surface of the tongues of wild yaks, which are used by nomads in this area as combs. They use them from their teens to the time when their hair becomes silver.The deserted Jeep, could be left by illegal hunters years agoThe slaughtered wild yaks with the wheel size heads. Some of the skulls were chopped into half. Why was that? Could be taken away for making combs?My camp at the foot of the Daban underthe lingering golden rays of the setting sun. Tomorrow's weather must be wonderful, I reckoned Day 11(April 30), 20.4km, Camping 5120mThe surface of the road leading to Hong Shan Daban was very hard, most of them were small rocks, sort of gravels, plus a quite long downhill slope, I pushed my bike more than 20km for the first time after Luxing Hu. The mountain pass was quite flat, just like a broad ridge, it was 5256m above the sea level. Upon arriving at the pass, Toze Gangri of 6356m was in my sight clearly, very much round and there was no back bone like normal snow covered mountains. Most of the snow mountains in Chang Tang looked like this probably it was due to the geological movements. There were quite a few chirus or Tibetan antelopes in the valley but I was not interested in this kind of animals anymore after I witnessed a large scale of migration of such animals last year elsewhere.The herbivorous animals here are very quick to reach its original size of the population, such as wild yaks, chirus, Tibetan gazelle, pika, and marmot. When you go into the depths of the Chang Tang, you could hardly be surpised by the sudden appearance of the chirus because they are so common in here. At this time of year, the chirus have already male-female parted. You could see many pregnant female chirus but hardly see any males. According to recent research, Zonag Co is not the only lake for breeding. There are at least four of them in the whole Chang Tang. Zonag Co, Tuzi Hu, Heishi Beihu, and another lake I can not remember. I think there must be more than four of them and most of the populations do not migrant long way like most people used to think. They generally migrant from south to north between Central Mountains and Kunlun Mountains.The chirus looks very timid but are very curious about outside world. They are not really afraid of people, particularly in the depth of the Chang Tang. The nearest distance we can approach is about 30m. They just stare at you calmly and think who you are and why you move so slow. They would run in front of you. Look like they are afraid of you but the fact is they are playing with you. A man's own character shapes his fortune. This is of course suit for animals too. The chirus are the typical one. They have a super speed and a pair of sharp antlers. If they are crazy, three of them work together could easily kill a wolf. But as you might have known, their antlers are just for fighting to mate with females.Down the Daban there was a very steep and straight road, I tried to ride the bicycle but ended up with falling over. The front rack came loose and one of the pannier flew into valley. The foot of the mountain was the Yueya Hu covered by ice, which was alake full of heavy metal elements. Along the lake bank there were many stark rocks very much weathered, lining up just like castles or houses. This made me stop to investigate what they were from time to time, I did understand they were just rocks though but they were so real like the figures of real people. On of them even made me hide in a ditch, observing them again and again using my binoculars. There were also many black volcanic rocks. All in all, the features of this area were really unusual.Passed over the Yueya Hu, it was an endless ancient lake bed. What my GPS showed was this area was a big lake like tentacles. I looked around, it was endless wilderness without a piece of ice and a drop of water. Roughly, I estimated this lake bed was about 1200 square meters. I had to tell you that Chang Tang was a place where there was no high-resolution map. The marks in the map often were some kind of memory. Just like this ancient lake bed under my feet, may be it was full of water a few years ago. Who knows. Pushing the bike in such an endless lake bed was very easy to get lost. My mind was in a chaotic status too.The migration of the animals, photo taken last year The road rising up to the Daban, full of gravels, very hard, ideal for pushing your bikeThe Yueya Hu gazed at by the round and smooth Toze Gangri. At a glimpse, could you tell which was mountain, which was cloud?Ancient lake bed. The white stains were the alkali, look like ice. About wildlife (part 1)Declaration Personal experience for reference onlyDangerous wild animals and their threats to human beings are a ever-LASTING subject for those backpackers travelling in the wild.In Chang Tang, for example, there are two kinds of deadly animals, one is wolves and the other is brawn bears. As substitutes, wild yaks and crows might be dangerous to you in some circumstances that I will come back to this a little bit later on. As for how to protect yourself against these dangerous animals, I think the primary point is you do not try to hurt them because the emotions of human and animals are same instinctively. [Wolves]Throughout my journey, I met wolves a total of seven times, in which I confronted them five times. As you might have known that wolves have become more and more solitary animals, it is very rare they live in a large group nowadays. Please allow me off the point a little bit and talk about the ecological problems in Chang Tang. The problem is now not the decrease of the number of the chirus but the imbalance of the whole food chain, more specifically, the number of the animals on the higher trophic levels of the food chain has not yet reached its ideal level which results in this kind of imbalance. Particularly, the pikas and the marmots who have lost their predators rapidly expanse which results in the desertification of Chang Tang. As early as the middle of last century, wolves were the dominant predators in the vast wilderness. They became a threat not only to other preys but also nomads pasturing in this land. Therefore, the then government called on people to cull back the population of the wolves in Chang Tang, which resulted in the current situation directly. The last official record about wolves attacking humans was around 1970s, which happened in Bamaoqiongzong. A team of secientists was surrounded by a group of wolves and they had to shoot them using guns. Of course, at present in Chang Tang, wolves are absolutely lonely.In this traverse, the first time I encountered a pair of wolves, one of them staying in front of me pretending to attack me while the other staying behind me. This is the standard attacking strategy of wolves. First, you should not be nervous which can be easily detected by the predators. Second, you should not retreat even an inch because this means you are the prey rather than the predator. Do not make any large movement, of course you could take a picture if you feel safe to do so. You must look into its eyes for a few minutes or even half an hour. When the wolves can not work out who you are and consider you are not posing any danger to them, then they will leave. You should remember that wolves in this land do not lack of food and it is much easy for them to catch a pika than a human. Even if being hungry, they would evaluate how easy to get you done, What you need to do is to show them that you are not interested in them and you are not afraid of them at all, let alone to show your ID card to them. As for the wolves family, really, I have not heard for ages. If you really have an encounter with them and they have no other choice, then it definitely depends on your forture. In fact, for so many year, it has been very rare to happen that wolves kill human. But the rumours are still there, in particular, the road connecting Xinjiang and Tibet.The nearest encounter with a wolf throughout my journey, no conflict at all[Brown Bears]Brown bears are real dangerous animals to human. Every year there are some accidents happened in some regions of Xinjiang on the north side of Kunkun Mountains and steppes in Northern Tibet. More than that the bears could attack your house, smash your windows, and eat your sheep. Therefore, in Northern Tibet some local councils give subsidies to the pastorarists for compensating the losses due to the bears because they are not allow to fight back and kill the bears except their lives are in great danger. Once there was a nomad taught me a method to protect yourself from bears. He told me to pick up a stick to feed the bear and the bear thinks the stick is your hand which tastes disgusting. So the bear would leave. It was so funny but the reality is to find a stick in this vast wilderness is just like you win the lottery.Bears are omonivorous animal who are generally not interested in human flesh. You can find that in most of accidents, the bears did not eat any of the human flesh rather they just smashed them for kind of fun that we could not understand. For the reason why bears kill human, one explanation is the conflict between human and wildlife in this extreme ecological environment. The nomads invade the habitats of the bears, which results in these conflicts. On the other hand, it might be because bears have quite high IQ so that they think it is much easy to kill a sheep in the cote rather than to kill a pika in the wild.I have met bears five times in my traverse, in two cases we were very close to each other. I had even walked with one of them for quite a while, just like we had a date for a walk. The fact is it is not that terrible like you might imagine. The same rules for dealing with wolves apply to bears. Never provoke dangerous animals. A bear can run at a speed of 40km/h, do you think you can compete this in a highland 5,000m above sea level?However, there is a situation where it is really dangerous, that is the encounter. It is not easy to control your instinctive reaction to the external dangers. Last year once I turned around a hill, there was a bear just in front of me. The bear of course was frightened by me with its front legs holding up, waving in the air and roaring. At that time I sat on the ground, ignoring it. The bear then left in a few minutes. Chang Tang is a vast land so that this is not that easy to happen. But if it does happen, really only God can bless you.The nearest encounter with a bear throughout my journey. This bear disappeared in a herd of wild yaks, which I had tried hard to spot, really weird About wildlife (part 2)Declaration personal experience for reference only.[Wild Yaks]I have talked about quite a few, like in the post of Day10. I will no longer talk about it.This was the funniest encounter with a solitary wild yak, who did not warn me. If I sat down, it sat down too. If I moved forward, it stopped. Could not imagine what it was thinking about.[Crows]Crows are dangerous only when you fall unconscious in the wilderness. Of course they will be the first to taste your flesh in that case. Unlike their cousinsliving in urban areas, the crows in Chang Tang have a larger body like eagles. When they fly over your head, you could feel like it is a piece of cloud. They are scavengers but like fresh meat too. It once happened that a baby was killed by crows relentlessly, let alone the lambs got killed by them. Once a nomad asked me for fireworks to scare the crows away. (They are sacred birds not to be killed by human)It is easy to defend yourself against crows, that is to keep fighting, never fall in the wilderness.A short break attracted the crows. Of course, they were miscalculating this time, photo taken last year[Strategies Adopted]At the time when I met the four soldiers in Jieshan Daban, they said there were many dangerous animals in the Northern Tibet and asked me if I had brought a shotgun. I think if they knew that I would enter Chang Tang they would definitely check if I really have a shotgun. The so-called defence facilities I brought with me were the fireworks and pepper spray. I had never used them. The fireworks were ruined and thrown away when I crossed a river and I had never opened the pepper spray. I even had never thought about this when camping in the night. The reason was I did not feel the needs. During the day time whenever I met any animals I had never touched the knife I had brought. I did not have anything to defend myself when I walked out to investigate the route. The Chang Tang is really a vast area so as to be very easy to detect anything strange.By the way, you'd better to avoid mating season's animals because even tamed rabbits could be aggressive in mating season.The thing is even if you have a gun, it is not very much helpful when bears attack you. Therefore, your attitude is most important.I can tell you something. Dogs are more dangerous than these wild animals. I had been chased by Tibetan dogs, pounced on by dogs in mating season, also besieged by a group of dogs. I really feel it is more useful to know how to defend a dog.Declaration again The above experience is from Chang Tang only. Of course, the more you prepared, the better. Day 12 (May 1), 23.8km, Camping 5117mToday was May 1 -- the Labour Day, I had been walking in some lake area marked in the map but clearly dried up. The lake basin was flat and hard so that I even pushed my bike more than 20km. Let it be the special treat for my May Day. After midday it became cloudy with growing winds. Since the Yueya Hu that I passed yesterday, there were no big lakes until Yanghu Co (My route would be between Jianshui Hu and Bairab Co), there was even no light alkaline water to drink so I had to pay extra attention not to miss any possible drinking water supply to fill up my water bag. There were a few very small lakes but all were alkaline puddles which was very shallow, whose depth was no more than the length of a half-finger. These puddles were covered with a hard shell of the mixture of salt and ice which smelled stinking and decaying when getting closer, must be toxic water I supposed. On the shore of this type of small lakes it was muddy soil and very hard to get closer.There was no sign of tundra at all.It was almost half past six when I found some snow corns in a ditch, which was the only drinking water supply of the day. There was a thin layer of melted ice on the surface of the ground near the snow corn, which was very hard to collect and was contaminated by the alkali. The snow corn was the yet melted thick snow, which was shaped like a corn by wind. The snow was quite hard and dry,porous like ice. I crushed a few snow corns, putting them into the water bag.They would be my drinking water tonight. These snow corns were the only one in today's wilderness, I reckoned the reason why they were not melted like others was the soil underneath contained large amount of ice blocks which acted as a freezer.Very strong gale in the night, it was hard to bear the sound of the vibration of the tent. Small single tent was good in the sense that it would not be blown away as long as you stayed inside. But you had to be very careful to set up the tent. I once did not pay much attention when doing so, the tent was blown away by winds, and rolling over like a Giant lantern ... I ran after it, got it back, and was exhausted. In general, it is not possible to fix the tent completely using tent pegs because they were not very much effective like large tents. It was snowing around 23 o'clock, the winds were howling from north,then the falling snow flakes landed on my tent quietly, I finally felt at peace and fell asleep. The flat ancient lake basin, assisting me walking more than 20kmSmall lake en route, toxic waterSnow corns, the only drinking water supply today Day 13 (May 2), 0km, Camping 5117mWaking up in the morning and opening the tent, the heavy snow outside must be sent by the God to force me have a break for the May Day. After lying in for a while, getting up and walking on the snowy ground out I went to have a look around. As first sight there were a herd of chirus. They were plainly to be spotted because they looked like a clear black straight line in the while snow. I returned to get my camera and then followed them to take some pictures. But they were very much alert and kept a quite long distance from me. I felt they were a group of pregnant females, instinctively protecting themselves from any potential harm. I was no longer short of water, the snow gave me a precious supply of drinking water. The problem was that they were very petrol consuming. I tool 8.6 litre of petrol and the oil stove was Duola's MSR. The pot was of 1.5 litre, mainly for boiling water. After several days' experiments, I found that the liquid water needed 16mins and 14-15mins to boil in the morning and evening, respectively. For ice, it would take 35-40mins while for snow it took 45-50mins. Melting snow was a very time and petrol consuming process so if I had a choice between snow and light alkaline water, most of time I would go with the latter. Lying inside the tent, listening to musics,I smoked a cigarette while gazing at the more and more chirus around me. Because it was very cold I had been wearing my shoes all the time. Now I just put my bare feet under the warm sun for some fresh air. I found three cuts in my hands and one in my sole. The cuts were about 4cm in length, looked terrible but it was actually all right really. Half of my toes were injured by to much walking, quite painful. I fetched my medicine bag and found I only got four patches of plasters, a serious mistake. One of the cuts in my hand had never been cured until I was out of this desolate land so as to feel like this finger would drop from my hand at any time. The others quickly recovered in a few days then new cuts appeared elsewhere. This process occurred periodically. I felt that it was somewhat related to the cold, dry weather and the lack of vitamins. The snow rapidly disappeared, which is unique phenomenon in Chang Tang. Because of the low air humidity and the high radiation from the sun, the snow was evaporating very fast, much quicker than the melting speed. Owing to this, the ground was generally still dry after the snow disappeared. In most cases, it would be only 2/5 left in the afternoon around 2 to 3 o'clock and small patches of ground could be seen. It would be completely all right for walking the next day. On the third day there could be some snow left in somewhere the sunlight hard to reach. So generally it could give you three days of water supply after a heavy snow like this. One of the pannier was broken, the most expensive one from deuter series, supposed to be waterproof. I will come back to it at some point later. Everything was covered by snow, no way out Lying in the middle of Chang Tang, listening to Tian Zhen's songs, and smoking Baisha cigarettes, what else can you ask for? The pregnant female chirus in migration, probably heading to Heishi Beihu to give birth([]
序……….“到处流浪, 命运唤我奔向远方, 我看这世界像沙漠, 它四处空旷没人烟…… 到处流浪…… ”。 一首《拉兹之歌》,让多少人对印度向往,就是这部印度电影,在中国大陆首先揭开了印度神秘的面纱。让无数人梦寐中或多或少带上了印度情结,什么时候能有机会去到那个并不遥远的国度,亲耳聆听那曼妙婉转的歌声;亲眼目睹那阿娜多姿的舞蹈;亲身感受那美丽迷人的印度姑娘……。随着国门的打开,蜂拥而出的中国人,开始漫向世界各地。印度的一切又逐次在中国人的眼前清晰起来;那无数精美的古代建筑、壮丽的泰姬陵和它美妙的故事传说、一千多年前的性文化雕塑群、多次荣登世界小姐宝座的印度姑娘、加上印度的脏、乱、差…….这一切让印度更加神秘、更加不可思议。2013年9月初,一个偶然的机会,到印度自助游去,变成了我的旅游计划。时间;2013年9月到2013年10月21日;内容;制定自助游路线。筹备所需资料和物品。 参考去过印度的旅游攻略和印度文化建筑介绍。大致决定在印度自助游从东面的加尔各答开始,历时22天。到达最西面的阿姆利则后返回德里离开。具体路线如下;加尔各达(Kolkata)————菩提迦叶(BodhGaya)——————瓦纳拉西(VaranASI)————克久拉霍(Khajuraho)————阿格拉(Agra)————斋普尔(Jaipur)————乌代普尔(Udaipur)————热那克普(Rannakpur)————焦德普尔(Jodhpur)————杰沙梅尔(杰伊瑟尔梅尔Jaisalmer)———比卡内尔(Bikaner)————阿姆利则(Amritsar火车先到JALANDHAR贾朗达尔后,再转LOCAL BUS)————德里(New Delhi)印度自助游有关准备工作;换汇;印度很多城市可使用信用卡。中国人的习惯都是带上现金。那就在银行调换好美金备用。但,印度的换汇比率随时在变化。可根据自己的需要兑换成印度卢比(Rs)。我在印度期间兑换率是;10月23日在加尔各答机场,100$==5597Rs.10月24日在加尔各答萨德街上的换汇点,100$==6010Rs.10月25日在菩提迦叶100$==6050Rs.11月6日在焦德普尔100$==6020Rs。 11月13日在德里100$==6050Rs.相比之下,在到达印度机场时最好不换汇,那个差别实在太大了。出了机场到了市区,随便找家换汇点先换部分,以后随时可以在所到城市换取Rs使用。2, 证;印度的证在亚洲国家里相对比较麻烦比较烦琐。个人旅游证需要提供如下资料;(1)、护照原件:(六个月零十天以上有效期)。(2)照片:2张白底彩照,5cm * 5cm正方形,(同美国证照片尺寸一样,需露耳朵,不接受扫描或不清晰的照片)。(3)存款证明:人民币一万元以上的银行存款证明原件(至少四个月冻结期)(4)、公司在职证明(英文版)(5)、身份证复印件:1份,正反面复印到一张纸上,(6)、个人证申请表(可在网上搜索下载)。印度出入境卡;印度出入境卡; 印度一般是有效期三个月,30天的旅游证。网上有专门办代理证的公司。但费用比较高。可在网上查讯,有要690元的,有要850元的,还有喊价1500元的。我请北京的一个朋友帮我代办的证,是她亲自把材料送到印度使馆,30天的旅游证371元。这位朋友已只是在网上认识尚未谋面的朋友。网名彩云游子。帮忙如此热心,让我好生感激,不知有没有机会报答这位朋友这份情谊。 证办好后,最好把你的护照首页和证页复印若干份,在印度买火车票和住宿都需要护照复印件和证复印件。你可根据你在印度旅游的时间来决定复印多少份为宜。3,交通;在印度国内旅行,铁路四通八达,价格非常便宜,所以,坐火车是在印度国内旅行的首选。火车有很多等级,Superfast, Fast, Express, Passenger。等级不同票价不同,车体的新旧也不同。应尽量避免Passenger,这种普客又挤又慢,车厢十分破旧。车票也分为很多级别。有2nd Class Chair(硬座);2nd Class Sleeper(硬卧);2nd A/C( 空调硬卧),和1st A/C(空调软卧)等。空调车舒适度好,价格可能是2nd Class Sleeper的2-3倍左右,车上提供饮料和餐食,通常是印度富裕人士和外国游客乘坐。火车售票分为售票处(BOOKING OFFICE)和预售处(RESERVATION OFFICE),一些大站(如新德里)有专门的外国人售票处(International Tourist Bureau),可是有的International Tourist Bureau不售票,只提供咨询和休息,买车票去RESERVATION OFFICE。在德里、加尔各答、孟买等大城市购买火车票比较紧张,不大容易买到当天或第二天的火车票,如有可能最好在国内出发前就先定好在印度国内旅行的火车票。但一般中小城市买火车票还是很容易,很多城市还专门有外国人购买火车票的窗口和侯车室。这是购买印度火车票的印度铁路官方网站;https//www.irctc.co.in/。火车站内常用设施中英文对照:火车站在印度习惯讲:RailwayStation上铺〈UB〉、中铺〈MB〉、下铺〈LB〉,以及靠走道的上铺〈SU〉与下铺〈SL〉,火车问讯处:Enquiry或Railway Information 站台:plantform存包的地方:cloak room女士候车室:Lady’s Waiting room 车掌:TTE, Train Ticket Examiner候车室:Waiting room(通常有浴室和厕所)高等级车票候车室:upper class waiting room(一般指3A以上级别。印度人不是这个档次车票不会进来。您是老外,别管你拿什么级别车票,进去再说)普通卧铺候车室:sleeper class waiting room(人比较多,也比较脏)休息室:Retiring Room餐厅:refreshment room 查票:ticket checker 还要多少时间How many more times 来回机票;去印度肯定要考虑买好来回的机票,有很多这方面的攻略。主要是能买到最便宜的机票可以为你的旅行节省不少的银子,请要去的朋友最好提前半年留意机票信息,争取定到最便宜的来回机票。汽车;印度的汽车相对比火车贵点。下列是印度北部主要城市间距离和汽车价格(长途客车)。乌代普尔——阿格拉 630KM12小时180Rs乌代普尔——孟买 730KM16小时200Rs乌代普尔——德里 670KM14小时200Rs乌代普尔——斋普尔 406KM9小时 200Rs乌代普尔——焦特布尔 275KM 8小时 110Rs乌代普尔——科塔 6小时110Rs乌代普尔——阿埠山 7小时 100Rs 4,住宿;印度现在随旅游业的发达。住宿非常方便。每个城市乃至有景点的乡村都有高档的星级宾馆和家庭式小旅社、和类式青年旅社那样的小客栈。我个人不很喜欢住高档的酒店。这种地方,人与人之间的关系比较冷漠,无法真正接触和感知所在国家的真实状况、找不到贴近当地人生活的感觉。我比较喜欢家庭式的小旅社,小客栈。这样的地方有它独特的装修风格,甚至墙上有大量来往人员的涂鸦。住在这样的地方,你可以和老板、老板娘亲密接触。他们已多半有问必答,热心地为你帮忙和力尽所能的指点你怎样在这里玩的舒服。和大酒店比起来,这种地方价格非常便宜。哪怕你在旅馆里蒙头大睡几天,已不会心痛每天帐单上增加的银子数。 5,印度的饮食特点;A,糊状菜;如果说中国菜的特点是“清清白白”,色香味三者,色是摆在第一位的,因好看可以激发食欲;印度菜的特点则是“糊糊涂涂”,各种主菜都放一大把咖喱粉,看起来都一个颜色。荤菜不亲口尝一尝,很难区分是什么肉类;蔬菜也是捣成糊状,搁些咖喱。在中国人看来,长时间的煮熬使维生素尽失,令人觉得可惜,印度人则乐此不疲。说印度菜把香放在首位恐怕并不过分。不过,印度菜的香并非中国人所习惯闻的那种香味,而是太香了;印度菜的辣味也并非中国人所习惯的咸辣、酸辣或麻辣,而是“冲”鼻子的辛辣,许多中国人恐怕一时难以适应。 B,吃素;印度虔诚的佛教徒和印度教徒都是素食主义者,耆那教徒更是严格吃素,吃素的人占印度人口一半以上,因此,印度是典型的素食王国,素食文化是印度饮食文化中最基本的特色之一。 C,手抓饭;多数印度人,包括上流社会的人通常习惯用手抓饭吃。印度人进餐时一般是一只盘子、一杯凉水,把米饭和饼放在盘内,菜和汤浇在上面。印度人的主食主要是米饭和饼,他们喜欢吃的并非中国人的白米饭,而是把饭煮熟后,放些油和调料,饭的颜色呈黄色,或者同别的什么菜炒在一块。用手把菜和饭混在一起,在盘里搅拌几下,抓起来捏一捏,然后送进口内。 D,不抽烟不喝酒;受宗教禁忌的影响,印度人几乎不喝酒,嗜酒成瘾者或酒量很大者极少,从未见过印度人一饮而尽地干杯,也从未见过有人行酒令或醉倒过。印度抽烟的人极少,公务往来和红白喜事,从未有人敬烟。印度的烟仅10支装,印度人口袋里装一包烟、一个打火机的不多,一些烟民宁愿买一支抽一支。 E,香辣咖喱唱主角: 印度人做菜用得最多、最普遍的是咖喱粉。咖喱粉是用胡椒、姜黄和茴香等20多种调料合成的一种香辣调味品,呈黄色粉末状。印度饮食文化也可以称为咖喱文化,这种饮食文化以香辣味道为特色。人们谈到印度饭,首先想到的十之八九是咖喱饭。咖喱饭可以是素食,也可以是荤食;可以是米饭,也可以是面食。印度人对咖喱粉可谓情有独钟,几乎每道菜都用,咖喱鸡、咖喱鱼、咖喱土豆、咖喱菜花、咖喱汤等等,每个经营印度饭菜的餐馆都飘着一股咖喱味。 F,野味无人敢问津 在许多中国人看起来是美味佳肴的东西,印度人基本上不吃。印度没有野味店,不仅野味无人问津,就是蟮鱼、泥鳅、甲鱼、乌龟、蛇这些东西,印度人也不吃,至于吃狗肉、猫肉、鸽子肉等,更是想都不敢想的事。印度人基本上不吃各种肉类的下水内脏,因而价格便宜得不可思议,有的几乎等于不要钱。例如,5个卢比(相当于1元钱人民币)可以买到1公斤鸡爪。在印度可以看到和边几斤重的大鱼就在岸边游来游去,伸手可捉,但却无人问津。 G,印度菜的特点就是糊状菜,而且还加以各种色素,黄的汤,绿的糊,红的泥。如果没有一段时间的适应,是很难习惯的。此外,无论在家庭还是餐馆,印度人认为生水是最好的饮料,餐桌上总会有一杯凉水。印度主要食物列表: Dal:是主要的素食菜之一,由几种大豆混合香料,经长时间熬制而成。 Tandoori:印度式的烘烤。 Lassi:印度酸奶。印度甜品:香浓甜滑,非常值得品尝。 Chutney:印度小蘸料,微酸中带点薄荷的香味。 , 6 ,语言:印度民族众多,语言复杂,据统计,印度共有1652种语言和方言。其中使用人数超过百万的达33种。英语在印度很有影响。除宪法规定的18种语言为联邦官方语言外,还规定英语为行政和司法用语。英语和印地语同为官方语言。北印度语言主要包括印地语和乌尔都语等。南印度语言主要有泰米尔语、泰卢固语等。印度东北地区语言主要包括那加语和米佐语等。印度中部地区主要有桑塔尔语、蒙达语等。还有安达曼语,主要流行于安达曼群岛。下面是印地语中常用单词的谐音。(仅供参考)。你好 那玛斯第 对不起;察玛加里伍。 谢谢,达尼亚哇多。 请,哥利比亚。 是;哈伍。 不是,那兴伍。男,布鲁丝. 女,斯多里.少女,拉鲁奇。 青年,拉里加。 小孩,巴查亚。单人房,埃克 比得 哇拉。 双人 多比得哇拉。 钱,巴伊沙。 价钱,达姆. 结帐,希沙布。 吃饭,加纳。洗手间,巴多鲁姆多伊拉特。 计程车,塔克西。船, 那乌。 列车,托里伊伍. 飞机, 夏哇伊 渣哈子。 商店,多卡伍。 邮局,坡斯特奥费斯。 银行,巴伍克。医生,多可塔。 警务督察,波里斯。日本人, 渣巴尼 印度人,兴多士塔尼。 东,布拉布。 南,达克西伍。 西,巴斯千姆。 北,沃太鲁。 左,巴埃伍。 右,达希纳。 星期一,苏姆哇尔。 星期二,码葛鲁哇尔 星期三,布多哇尔。 星期四,格鲁哇尔。 星期五,苏克鲁哇尔 星期六,谢尼哇尔。星期日,拉布伊哇尔1,埃克。 2,多。 3,添伍。4,查尔。5,巴伍。6,千。 7,沙特。 8,阿特。9,娜乌。10,达斯。100,斯乌。你叫什么名字? 阿布加 卡亚那母 哈伊?你好吗? 阿布加卡亚哈鲁哈伊?我很好,多谢。马因地哥夫达尼亚圭多。我叫张三。 米拉那母张三哈伊。 再见吧, 费路米丽伍葛。这是什么?伊埃期亚哈伊? 不知道。 巴塔那兴。可不可以和你照张像? 期亚玛因阿布卡弗多理鲁伍?印度是非常好的地方! 姆谢巴拉多拍沙得哈伊!有房间吗? 卡母拉哈伊卡亚? 洗手间在哪儿? 拉巴多里卡哈哈伊?请给我看菜单, 曼纽的卡地尖。 给我红茶, 玛因查埃布因格。很好吃, 巴付伊阿查拉格。 结帐。 比鲁的尖。想去医院。 荷士比塔渣那哈伊。 请叫医生。 大格塔布拉的谢伊。不太舒服。 塔比亚多的克那兴哈伊。什么时间出发? 格鲁希期多你巴谢求弟哥。这是哪儿? 伊埃卡亚渣那渣塔夫伍? 请便宜点。 加姆加路那阿。请带我去成都酒店。 姆谢成都荷塔尔来查罗。我想去成都。 姆谢成都渣那哈伊。 这个多少钱? 伊斯加达姆卡亚哈伊?不要。 那希伍查亚伊埃。 太多了。 伊埃巴好托渣达哈伊。请给我一点点。 托拉沙的伊芬。 这个好。 姆谢伊埃拍沙得哈伊。这个不合适我。 姆谢伊埃拍沙得那希伍。我要买纺织品。 玛因里斯面加布拉加里多纳察哈他。请给我看这条K金项链。 苏耐期伊埃马拉地加伊埃。有没有钻石戒指? 阿布朗巴斯希里期阿达地伊哈伊?你住在哪里? 阿布加汗拉希地哈伊伍?我住在成都。 马因成都面拉希达芬伍。7,电话;目前印度有14家移动运营商经营移动电话业余。印度移动电信市场竞争激烈,排名随时在变换。2012年底的排名是;Idea拥有5590万用户,BSNL为5520万。 其次是巴帝电信(Bhart Airtel);沃达丰爱莎(VodafoneEssar)。在CDMA领域排名靠前的还有Reliance、BSNL、塔塔电信(Tata Teleservices)等,它们均同时运营GSM/CDMA双网。在印度购买移动电话卡,最好买排名靠前的移动运营商的卡,这些公司在印度国内几乎每个乡镇都有维护网点。便于调整你所使用的移动卡任何问。有的小的移动运营商,即使其所销售的卡要便宜些,但如是打电话或上网有什么障碍,很难在你所在的城市找到该公司的维护网点,那卡就等于白买了。 8 ,费用;我10月23日晚上到达印度加尔各答。11月14日从德里离开,在印度境内呆了23天。除去来回机票不计。所花费用主要是;A,住宿,3800RS。(火车上渡过4个晚上,在火车站渡过2个晚上,在阿姆利则金庙免费住了1个晚上。实际只住了15夜。) B,景点门票;3000RS。(其中最贵的是泰姬陵750RS。最不值得的是德里的贾玛清真寺300RS。其他大多是200RS以下。) C,吃;我在印度用在吃上的钱不多,除了个别情况外,一般每顿200RS,就够了。在印度最奢侈的一顿是在千柱庙出来,吃了一顿自助餐,每人320RS。大约每天伙食费在600RS,23天在吃上用去13800RS。还包含每天必吃的酸奶。 D,行;在印度坐了七段火车,4200RS。从菩提迦叶到瓦纳拉西、乌代普尔到焦德普尔、比卡内尔到阿姆利则这三段坐的长途汽车,共用3100RS。坐tutu 车用去2500RS。交通费用合计9800RS。E,其他杂用;电话卡、小费、水果4500RS。在印度23天,除去机票不算,总共花费34900RS。折合人民币3500元左右。 9,印度人的习俗; A,印度人是用摇头表示赞同,用点头表示不同意。人们用手抓耳朵表示自责;召唤某人的动作是将手掌向下摆手指,但不能只用一个指头;指人时也要用整个手掌,不能用一两个指头。 B,印度人大多习惯用传统的佛教手势--双手合十。互相问好祝安。双手合十时,把双手举到脸部前才算合十。这种招呼,显得比握手高尚、文雅。注意切莫在双手合十的时候,也同时点头,容易引起当地人的嗤笑,那就破坏了亲切和气的气氛,显得有点不伦不类了。 C,印度人吃饭,习惯用手抓捏饭揉成团送进口里。但必须是用右手。给别人递食物、餐具,更得用右手。这是因为人们认为右手干净。 D,公共厕所,按当地的习惯,只要有墙的地方就是厕所。甚至在Varanasi人头攒动的大街上都可以随时面对墙方便。印度人大便后不用纸,而用左手沾水擦洗。所以千万不要用左手递食物给印度人,不要用左手和印度人握手。E,切莫抚摸小孩的头,头部是人体最高的部分,也是人体中最神圣无比的部分,尤其是孩子的头,被视为神明停留之处,所以,在任何情况之下绝不允许触摸。切莫对印度人吹口哨,那是冒犯人的举动,是没有教养的表现。 F,印度妇女喜欢在前额中间点有吉祥痣,其颜色不同,形状各异,在不同情况下表示不同意思,它是喜庆、吉祥的象征。印度男女多有配带各种装饰品的习惯。 G,印度人走进寺庙或厨房之前,先要脱鞋。穿鞋进去,既不礼貌,也不圣洁。不论男女老幼,统统把鞋放在门口,赤脚进去。 P,讳白色,习惯用百合花作悼念品。他们忌讳弯月图案,视1、3、7为不吉祥数字,和印度人交谈,要回避有关宗教矛盾、和巴基斯坦的关系、中印冲突、工资以及两性关系的话。([]
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